Timing of Meals and Sleep in the Mediterranean Population: The Effect of Taste, Genetics, Environmental Determinants, and Interactions on Obesity Phenotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Demographic, Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical, and Lifestyle Variables
2.3. Taste Perception Tests
2.4. Temporal Eating Patterns
2.5. Sleep Patterns
2.6. DNA Isolation and DNA Genotyping
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Population
3.2. Association between Phenotypic (Measured) Taste Perception, Candidate SNP, and Eating Patterns
3.3. Association between Phenotypic (Measured) and Genotypic Taste Perception and Sleep Patterns
3.4. Association between Candidate Genes and Obesity-Related Phenotypes: Selected Gene–Pattern Interactions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 412) | Male (n = 141) | Female (n = 271) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.5 ± 13.9 | 45.6 ± 14.8 | 47.0 ± 13.4 | 0.333 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 5.2 | 29.0 ± 4.9 | 27.3 ± 5.3 | 0.002 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.5 ± 15.1 | 101.0 ± 15.1 | 88.2 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 125.6 ± 17.2 | 131.1 ± 15.5 | 122.1 ± 17.1 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 78.8 ± 10.1 | 82.0 ± 11.2 | 77.1 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 213.6 ± 41.0 | 207.8 ± 40.3 | 216.7 ± 40.1 | 0.036 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 139.5 ± 32.6 | 139.9 ± 32.6 | 139.3 ± 32.6 | 0.857 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.7 ± 14.2 | 51.2 ± 10.3 | 64.2 ± 13.9 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 112.4 ± 79.6 | 127.8 ± 91.9 | 104.4 ± 71.3 | 0.004 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 95.0 ± 19.5 | 98.2 ± 23.4 | 93.4 ± 17.0 | 0.017 |
Adherence to MedDiet | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 0.869 |
Obesity cases (%) | 30.9 | 37.1 | 27.8 | 0.038 |
Type 2 diabetes (%) | 4.5 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 0.235 |
Current smokers (%) | 19.0 | 15.7 | 20.7 | 0.142 |
Low physical activity (%) | 32 | 25.6 | 35.2 | 0.032 |
Bitter (PTC) | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Sweet | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.005 |
Salty | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 0.009 |
Sour | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Umami | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 0.744 |
Total (n = 412) | Male (n = 141) | Female (n = 271) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep duration (h) | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 0.542 |
Waketime (hour:min) | 7:10 ± 0:53 | 7:05 ± 0:54 | 7:13 ± 0:52 | 0.255 |
Sleep midpoint (hour:min) | 4:13 ± 0:45 | 04:18 ± 0:54 | 04:10 ± 0:40 | 0.233 |
Social jetlag | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.427 |
Total (n = 302) | Male (n = 110) | Female (n = 192) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eating window (h) | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 0.785 |
Eating midpoint (hour:min) | 14:53 ± 0:34 | 14:54 ± 0:37 | 14:50 ± 0:32 | 0.114 |
Eating jetlag | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.830 |
Breakfast time (hour:min) | 8:10 ± 0:50 | 8:06 ± 0:49 | 8:11 ± 0:50 | 0.488 |
Mid-morning snack (hour:min) | 10:53 ± 0:33 | 10:38 ± 0:35 | 11:01 ± 0:29 | <0.001 |
Lunch time (hour:min) | 14:39 ± 0:35 | 14:34 ± 0:32 | 14:42 ± 0:36 | 0.041 |
Evening tea time (hour:min) | 18:07 ± 0:35 | 18:10 ± 0:36 | 18:05 ± 0:5 | 0.464 |
Dinner time (hour:min) | 21:31 ± 0:34 | 21:35 ± 0:35 | 21:28 ± 0:35 | 0.080 |
Taste (Predictor) | Eating Pattern (Outcome) | β ± SE | p1 | p2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bitter (PTC) | Eating window | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.380 | 0.476 |
Eating midpoint | −0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.001 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.042 | 0.501 | |
Breakfast time | −0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.057 | 0.043 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.126 | 0.678 | |
Lunch time | −0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.141 | 0.105 | |
Afternoon teatime | −0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.577 | 0.523 | |
Dinner time | −0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.061 | 0.009 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | −0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.058 | 0.249 | |
Sweet | Eating window | −0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.140 | 0.081 |
Eating midpoint | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.011 | 0.030 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.13 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.031 | |
Breakfast time | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.002 | 0.002 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.092 | 0.610 | |
Lunch time | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.661 | 0.711 | |
Afternoon teatime | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.071 | 0.100 | |
Dinner time | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.190 | 0.430 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | 0.23 ± 0.10 | 0.106 | 0.020 | |
Salty | Eating window | −0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.567 | 0.477 |
Eating midpoint | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.087 | 0.147 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.024 | 0.178 | |
Breakfast time | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.063 | 0.063 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.723 | 0.337 | |
Lunch time | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.267 | 0.315 | |
Afternoon teatime | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.128 | 0.148 | |
Dinner time | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.308 | 0.469 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.433 | 0.233 | |
Sour | Eating window | −0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.786 | 0.630 |
Eating midpoint | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.086 | 0.207 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.164 | |
Breakfast time | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.048 | 0.048 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.168 | 0.928 | |
Lunch time | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.080 | 0.090 | |
Afternoon teatime | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.562 | 0.672 | |
Dinner time | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.257 | 0.552 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.267 | 0.067 | |
Umami | Eating window | −0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.502 | 0.365 |
Eating midpoint | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.127 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.270 | 0.539 | |
Breakfast time | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.036 | 0.031 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.037 | 0.261 | |
Lunch time | −0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.654 | 0.759 | |
Afternoon teatime | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.654 | 0.832 | |
Dinner time | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.221 | 0.656 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.464 | 0.159 |
Gene (Predictor) | Eating Pattern (Outcome) | β ± SE | p1 | p2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TAS2R38-rs713598 | Eating window | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.155 | 0.163 |
Eating midpoint | −0.13 ± 0.05 | 0.011 | 0.008 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.00 ± 0.06 | 0.988 | 0.831 | |
Breakfast time | −0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.029 | 0.029 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.126 | 0.265 | |
Lunch time | −0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.204 | 0.205 | |
Afternoon teatime | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.554 | 0.495 | |
Dinner time | −0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.277 | 0.218 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | −0.09 ± 0.17 | 0.580 | 0.707 | |
FTO-rs9939609 | Eating window | −0.14 ± 0.08 | 0.076 | 0.063 |
Eating midpoint | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.442 | 0.669 | |
Eating jetlag | −0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.813 | 0.365 | |
Breakfast time | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.210 | 0.197 | |
Mid-morning snack | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.084 | 0.336 | |
Lunch time | −0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.014 | 0.021 | |
Afternoon teatime | −0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.046 | 0.038 | |
Dinner time | −0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.319 | 0.146 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | −0.16 ± 0.15 | 0.300 | 0.471 | |
CLOCK-rs4580704 | Eating window | 0.04 ± 0.08 | 0.627 | 0.684 |
Eating midpoint | −0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.491 | 0.281 | |
Eating jetlag | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.254 | 0.459 | |
Breakfast time | −0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.759 | 0.787 | |
Mid-morning snack | −0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.519 | 0.536 | |
Lunch time | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.653 | 0.522 | |
Afternoon teatime | −0.07 ± 0.07 | 0.332 | 0.268 | |
Dinner time | 0.00 ± 0.05 | 0.928 | 0.747 | |
Adherence to MedDiet | 0.09 ± 0.17 | 0.576 | 0.435 |
Taste (Predictor) | Sleep Pattern (Outcome) | β ± SE | p1 | p2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bitter (PTC) | Waketime | −0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.020 | <0.001 |
Total Sleep Duration | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.594 | 0.875 | |
Midpoint of sleep | −0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.034 | 0.009 | |
Social jetlag | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.110 | 0.766 | |
Sweet | Waketime | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.128 | 0.465 |
Total Sleep Duration | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.811 | 0.426 | |
Midpoint of sleep | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.894 | 0.990 | |
Social jetlag | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.070 | 0.341 | |
Salty | Waketime | −0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.850 | 0.425 |
Total Sleep Duration | −0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.256 | 0.157 | |
Midpoint of sleep | −0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.642 | 0.635 | |
Social jetlag | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.004 | 0.009 | |
Sour | Waketime | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.374 | 0.984 |
Total Sleep Duration | 0.00 ± 0.04 | 0.994 | 0.586 | |
Midpoint of sleep | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.483 | 0.617 | |
Social jetlag | 0.18 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
Umami | Waketime | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.780 | 0.575 |
Total Sleep Duration | −0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.254 | 0.127 | |
Midpoint of sleep | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.252 | 0.393 | |
Social jetlag | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.051 | 0.258 |
Gene (Predictor) | Sleep Pattern (Outcome) | β ± SE | p1 | p2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TAS2R38-rs713598 | Waketime | −0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.036 | 0.024 |
Total Sleep Duration | 0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.933 | 0.783 | |
Midpoint of sleep | −0.14 ± 0.09 | 0.118 | 0.019 | |
Social jetlag | 0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.865 | 0.592 | |
FTO-rs9939609 | Waketime | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.015 | 0.039 |
Total Sleep Duration | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.304 | 0.295 | |
Midpoint of sleep | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.008 | |
Social jetlag | −0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.061 | 0.028 | |
CLOCK-rs4580704 | Waketime | 0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.603 | 0.787 |
Total Sleep Duration | −0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.433 | 0.398 | |
Midpoint of sleep | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.147 | 0.194 | |
Social jetlag | 0.07 ± 0.09 | 0.425 | 0.570 |
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Barragán, R.; Fernández-Carrión, R.; Asensio-Márquez, E.M.; Ortega-Azorín, C.; Álvarez-Sala, A.; Pérez-Fidalgo, A.; Sorlí, J.V.; Portolés, O.; González-Monje, I.; St-Onge, M.P.; et al. Timing of Meals and Sleep in the Mediterranean Population: The Effect of Taste, Genetics, Environmental Determinants, and Interactions on Obesity Phenotypes. Nutrients 2023, 15, 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030708
Barragán R, Fernández-Carrión R, Asensio-Márquez EM, Ortega-Azorín C, Álvarez-Sala A, Pérez-Fidalgo A, Sorlí JV, Portolés O, González-Monje I, St-Onge MP, et al. Timing of Meals and Sleep in the Mediterranean Population: The Effect of Taste, Genetics, Environmental Determinants, and Interactions on Obesity Phenotypes. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):708. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030708
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarragán, Rocío, Rebeca Fernández-Carrión, Eva María Asensio-Márquez, Carolina Ortega-Azorín, Andrea Álvarez-Sala, Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo, José Vicente Sorlí, Olga Portolés, Inmaculada González-Monje, Marie Pierre St-Onge, and et al. 2023. "Timing of Meals and Sleep in the Mediterranean Population: The Effect of Taste, Genetics, Environmental Determinants, and Interactions on Obesity Phenotypes" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030708