Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Interaction with the Gut Microbiome in the Prevention and Amelioration of Type-2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
3. The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathophysiology of Type-2 Diabetes
4. The Intricate Interaction between Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Gut Microbiome
5. Role of Gut Microbiota in Alleviating the Inflammatory Responses in T2DM
6. Combinatorial Strategy to Deal with Type 2 Diabetes
7. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Human/Animal Models | Intervention/Treatment | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|
Fish Oil Capsule (EPA & DHA) | |||
Offspring of T2DM patients with endothelial dysfunction (n = 50) | Dose: 2 g/d Omega-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA); Fish Oil supplement; Duration: 12 weeks |
| [37] |
T2DM patients without prior CVD (n = 97) | Dose: 4 g/d Fish Oil supplement Duration: 12 weeks |
| [38] |
Pregnant Women with Type-2 diabetes (n = 88) and healthy women (n = 85) | Dose: 600 mg DHA; Fish Oil supplement Duration: Daily; from early pregnancy till delivery |
| [39] |
Patients, who are hypertensive and/or Type2 diabetic obese with high levels of inflammatory markers, (n = 64) | Dose: 1.0 g fish oil supplied in soft gel capsules including 300 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA; Duration: 8 weeks |
| [40] |
T2DM patients (BMI ≤ 29.9), aged 25–60 years, with no other chronic diseases, (n = 65) | Dose: 520 mg of DHA + EPA-enriched fish oil each per day; Duration: 24-weeks |
| [41] |
T2DM patients (n = 40) | Dose: 100 mg/d DHA & 200 mg/d EPA supplement; Durations: 3 months |
| [42] |
Individuals with a high risk of developing diabetes or IFG or IGT (n = 64) | Dose- fish oil capsules (1.2 g DHA + EPA) 2 capsules twice a day; Duration: 12 weeks |
| [43] |
T2DM patients with CKD (n = 25) | Dose: 2 g/d concentrated fish oil; Duration: 3 months |
| [44] |
Purified O-3 PUFA | |||
Overweight patients with T2DM (n = 67) | Dose: 2 g purified EPA daily; Duration: 3 months |
| [45] |
T2DM patients with CKD (n = 31) | Dose: Omega-3 PUFA capsules (EPA + DHA) 4 g/d; Duration: 6 weeks |
| [46] |
T2DM nephropathic patients (n = 19) | Dose: OMACOR 3 g/d; Duration: 12 weeks |
| [47] |
T2DM patients (n = 90) | Dose: 2714 mg/d (EPA = 1548 mg, DHA = 828 mg and 338 mg of other omega = 3 fatty acids); Duration: 2 months |
| [48] |
T2DM with stable coronary artery disease (n = 262) | Dose: 1.86 g/d EPA and 1.5 g/d DHA |
| [49] |
O-3 PUFA in combination with probiotics | |||
Overweight (BMI > 25), healthy adults, aged 40–60 years (n = 60) | Dose: One capsule of VSL#3 and purified omega-3 fatty acid (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA per capsule) per daily; Duration: 6 weeks |
| [50] |
Patients with NAFLD (n = 48) | Dose: Symbiter Omega—a live multi-strain probiotic mixture with flax and wheat germ oil containing O-3 FA; once daily; Duration: 8 weeks |
| [51] |
T2DM patients (n = 54) | Dose: Symbiter Omega—a live multi-strain probiotic mixture with flax and wheat germ oil containing O-3 FA; Duration: 8 weeks |
| [52] |
O-3 PUFA in combination with Vitamin D | |||
T2DM patients (n = 1312) | Dose: Vit-D3 2000 IU/d and Omega-3 FA Fish oil supplementation (EPA and DHA) 1 g/d; Duration: 6 h |
| [53] |
Pre-diabetic with hypervitaminosis D (n = 168 W) | Dose- 1000 mg omega-3 supplement (360 EPA + 240 mg DHA) twice a day + Vit D 50,000 IU every 2 weeks; Duration: 8 weeks |
| [54] |
T2DM patients (n = 1312) | Dose: Vitamin D and Omacor (EPA + DHA) 1 g/d; Duration: 5 years |
| [55] |
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Kumar, M.; Pal, N.; Sharma, P.; Kumawat, M.; Sarma, D.K.; Nabi, B.; Verma, V.; Tiwari, R.R.; Shubham, S.; Arjmandi, B.; et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Interaction with the Gut Microbiome in the Prevention and Amelioration of Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091723
Kumar M, Pal N, Sharma P, Kumawat M, Sarma DK, Nabi B, Verma V, Tiwari RR, Shubham S, Arjmandi B, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Interaction with the Gut Microbiome in the Prevention and Amelioration of Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2022; 14(9):1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091723
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Manoj, Namrata Pal, Poonam Sharma, Manoj Kumawat, Devojit Kumar Sarma, Bilkees Nabi, Vinod Verma, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, Swasti Shubham, Bahram Arjmandi, and et al. 2022. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Interaction with the Gut Microbiome in the Prevention and Amelioration of Type-2 Diabetes" Nutrients 14, no. 9: 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091723