Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Protocol
2.3. Measures and Procedures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Daily Caloric Intake
3.3. Daily Macronutrient Intake
3.4. Fiber, Sugar, and Saturated Fat Intake
3.5. Late-Night Intake
3.6. Intake During Recovery
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Conditions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
CON n = 10 | 1 REC n = 13 | 3 REC n = 12 | 5 REC n = 10 | |
Age (years) | 33.6 ± 9.8 | 31.9 ± 7.2 | 36.2 ± 10.3 | 34.0 ± 8.9 |
Women | 4 (40.0) | 5 (38.5) | 5 (41.7) | 3 (30.0) |
African Americans | 6 (60.0) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (41.7) | 6 (60.0) |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.6 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.6 |
Estimated Caloric Need a | 2318.8 ± 330.3 | 2353.4 ± 422.3 | 2336.3 ± 447.7 | 2332.5 ± 287.6 |
Chronotype b | 43.00 ± 4.14 | 42.92 ± 5.53 | 41.18 ± 5.31 | 40.50 ± 7.58 |
Pre-Study Sleep Duration (h) c | 7.98 ± 0.53 | 7.76 ± 0.50 | 8.29 ± 0.33 | 7.89 ± 0.38 |
Pre-Study Sleep Midpoint (time ± min) c | 03:37 ± 39.12 | 03:32 ± 41.29 | 03:24 ± 32.47 | 03:40 ± 36.08 |
Protein (% kcal) | Carbohydrate (% kcal) | Fat (% kcal) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | |
CON (n = 10) | 14.80 ± 3.90 | 13.70 ± 3.06 | 14.28 ± 3.43 | 59.59 ± 5.53 | 62.29 ± 5.73 | 60.94 ± 5.58 | 27.55 ± 4.89 | 27.00 ± 3.97 | 27.84 ± 5.30 |
All SR Participants (n = 35) | 14.30 ± 2.73 | 12.84 ± 1.98 * | 13.29 ± 1.92 * | 57.95 ± 5.75 | 58.50 ± 4.38 | 57.75 ± 5.56 | 29.38 ± 4.94 | 30.53 ± 4.20 | 30.77 ± 5.16 |
1 REC (n = 13) | 14.62 ± 1.84 | 13.06 ± 2.06 | 13.36 ± 1.73 | 57.28 ± 7.06 | 56.72 ± 4.37 | 57.39 ± 6.77 | 29.85 ± 6.38 | 32.11 ± 4.73 | 31.09 ± 6.20 |
3 REC (n = 12) | 15.73 ± 3.06 | 13.23 ± 1.86 | 14.02 ± 2.08 | 57.47 ± 5.89 | 58.64 ± 5.54 | 57.57 ± 5.54 | 28.49 ± 4.52 | 30.09 ± 4.08 | 30.39 ± 5.11 |
5 REC (n = 10) | 12.18 ± 2.08 | 12.08 ± 2.00 | 12.34 ± 1.73 | 59.39 ± 3.58 | 60.64 ± 3.80 | 58.42 ± 4.21 | 29.84 ± 3.38 | 29.02 ± 3.20 | 30.80 ± 4.12 |
Fiber (g) | Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | |
CON (n = 10) | 20.23 ± 4.57 | 24.82 ± 4.05 *,† | 21.01 ± 4.46 | 8.87 ± 3.34 | 10.63 ± 3.62 | 9.65 ± 2.75 |
All SR Participants (n = 35) | 24.01 ± 9.24 | 27.12 ± 10.34 * | 25.57 ± 10.31 | 9.26 ± 4.09 | 8.48 ± 2.84 | 8.48 ± 4.15 |
1 REC (n = 13) | 22.66 ± 8.07 | 26.34 ± 9.53 | 24.61 ± 11.12 | 9.20 ± 5.19 | 8.29 ± 3.47 | 8.92 ± 5.75 |
3 REC (n = 12) | 28.08 ± 9.85 | 29.05 ± 11.02 | 27.38 ± 10.58 | 10.71 ± 3.44 | 8.66 ± 1.50 | 8.29 ± 3.27 |
5 REC (n = 10) | 20.88 ± 9.01 | 25.83 ± 11.28 | 24.64 ± 9.65 | 7.61 ± 2.64 | 8.50 ± 3.39 | 8.14 ± 2.74 |
Sugar (g) | Sugar (% kcal) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | |
CON (n = 10) | 193.84 ± 70.08 | 177.27 ± 79.08 | 164.02 ± 91.61 * | 30.43 ± 5.99 | 27.64 ± 7.23 | 26.96 ± 8.00 |
All SR Participants (n = 35) | 197.26 ± 671.03 | 231.92 ± 87.16 *,† | 211.12 ± 95.68 | 28.81 ± 5.86 | 28.09 ± 6.26 † | 26.07 ± 6.46 * |
1 REC (n = 13) | 182.44 ± 68.28 | 224.86 ± 99.62 | 200.23 ± 105.11 | 27.22 ± 5.54 | 26.56 ± 7.48 | 25.31 ± 6.38 |
3 REC (n = 12) | 184.86 ± 65.88 | 222.04 ± 51.57 | 193.55 ± 57.75 | 26.85 ± 5.04 | 27.02 ± 4.77 | 23.75 ± 5.34 |
5 REC (n = 10) | 231.41 ± 75.61 | 252.97 ± 107.33 | 246.37 ± 117.54 | 33.23 ± 5.23 | 31.37 ± 5.34 | 29.84 ± 6.66 |
Saturated Fat (g) | Saturated Fat (% kcal) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | BL1-2 | SR1-3/ CD1-3 | SR6-8/ CD7-13 | |
CON (n = 10) | 27.91 ± 10.51 | 29.41 ± 10.76 | 25.01 ± 10.15 | 10.07 ± 2.47 | 10.29 ± 2.32 | 9.54 ± 2.17 |
All SR Participants (n = 35) | 32.22 ± 13.27 | 40.56 ± 17.12* | 38.20 ± 17.47* | 10.41 ± 2.86 | 10.82 ± 2.84 | 10.52 ± 3.00 |
1 REC (n = 13) | 32.15 ± 12.49 | 45.81 ± 19.06 | 39.90 ± 21.86 | 10.64 ± 3.46 | 11.95 ± 3.14 | 11.22 ± 3.97 |
3 REC (n = 12) | 30.61 ± 13.95 | 39.61 ± 15.30 | 37.75 ± 16.89 | 9.85 ± 2.80 | 10.67 ± 2.88 | 9.98 ± 2.82 |
5 REC (n = 10) | 34.18 ± 14.54 | 34.86 ± 16.10 | 36.55 ± 12.64 | 10.77 ± 2.17 | 9.53 ± 1.86 | 10.26 ± 1.45 |
Protocol Day | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | |
Protein (% kcal) | |||||
1 REC | 13.94 ± 2.54 | ||||
3 REC | 15.11 ± 2.81 | 15.21 ± 2.74 | 13.44 ± 3.46 | ||
5 REC | 13.00 ± 2.82 | 13.37 ± 2.39 | 13.29 ± 2.67 | 12.31 ± 2.50 | 12.93 ± 2.37 |
Carbohydrate (% kcal) | |||||
1 REC | 61.08 ± 9.04 * | ||||
3 REC | 59.76 ± 8.05 | 56.83 ± 6.70 | 59.14 ± 8.89 | ||
5 REC | 57.76 ± 4.05 | 57.56 ± 5.82 | 59.74 ± 4.13 | 56.48 ± 6.44 | 58.00 ± 5.11 |
Fat (% kcal) | |||||
1 REC | 26.7 ± 8.41 | ||||
3 REC | 27.03 ± 7.03 | 29.37 ± 5.58 | 29.83 ± 7.21 | ||
5 REC | 30.59 ± 4.32 | 30.68 ± 4.22 | 29.20 ± 3.40 | 32.46 ± 6.23 | 29.78 ± 5.57 |
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Spaeth, A.M.; Goel, N.; Dinges, D.F. Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092694
Spaeth AM, Goel N, Dinges DF. Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092694
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpaeth, Andrea M., Namni Goel, and David F. Dinges. 2020. "Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092694