Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments and Variables
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analyses
Adherence to the MedDiet during the Confinement
3. Results
3.1. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet during the COVID-19 Confinement
3.2. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet before the COVID-19 Confinement
3.3. Changes in Lifestyle and Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Confinement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (N = 7514) | Low (N = 1275) | Medium (N = 4129) | High (N = 2110) | p-Value 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Gender 1 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Men | 2204 | 29.3 | 444 | 34.8 | 1195 | 28.9 | 565 | 26.8 | ||
Women | 5305 | 70.6 | 830 | 65.1 | 2931 | 71.0 | 1544 | 73.2 | ||
Place of Residence | 0.01 | |||||||||
Family home | 6150 | 81.8 | 1030 | 80.8 | 3355 | 81.3 | 1765 | 83.6 | ||
Shared flat | 535 | 7.1 | 109 | 8.6 | 302 | 7.3 | 124 | 5.9 | ||
Student residence | 31 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.4 | 23 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.1 | ||
Alone | 798 | 10.6 | 131 | 10.3 | 449 | 10.9 | 218 | 10.3 | ||
Region by Areas 2 | 0.52 | |||||||||
Central | 2266 | 30.2 | 386 | 30.3 | 1242 | 30.1 | 638 | 30.2 | ||
North | 1223 | 16.3 | 193 | 15.1 | 665 | 16.1 | 365 | 17.3 | ||
South | 4025 | 53.6 | 696 | 54.6 | 2222 | 53.8 | 1107 | 52.5 | ||
Children in Care | 0.01 | |||||||||
No | 4503 | 59.9 | 811 | 63.6 | 2446 | 59.2 | 1246 | 59.1 | ||
Yes | 3011 | 40.1 | 464 | 36.4 | 1683 | 40.8 | 864 | 40.9 | ||
Educational Level | <0.001 | |||||||||
University | 3487 | 46.4 | 559 | 43.8 | 1923 | 46.6 | 1005 | 47.6 | ||
Postgraduate | 2370 | 31.5 | 367 | 28.8 | 1273 | 30.8 | 730 | 34.6 | ||
Professional | 1042 | 13.9 | 221 | 17.3 | 582 | 14.1 | 239 | 11.3 | ||
Primary | 615 | 8.2 | 128 | 10.0 | 351 | 8.5 | 136 | 6.5 | ||
Age (Years) | <0.001 | |||||||||
21–35 | 2558 | 34.0 | 551 | 43.2 | 1368 | 33.1 | 639 | 30.3 | ||
36–50 | 2371 | 31.6 | 377 | 29.6 | 1316 | 31.9 | 678 | 32.1 | ||
51–65 | 1928 | 25.7 | 232 | 18.2 | 1097 | 26.6 | 599 | 28.4 | ||
>65 | 428 | 5.7 | 51 | 4.0 | 234 | 5.7 | 143 | 6.8 | ||
<20 | 229 | 3.0 | 64 | 5.0 | 114 | 2.8 | 51 | 2.4 | ||
Week 4 | 1 | 1510 | 20.1 | 244 | 19.1 | 855 | 20.7 | 411 | 19.5 | 0.68 |
2 | 5167 | 68.8 | 886 | 69.5 | 2815 | 68.2 | 1466 | 69.5 | ||
3 | 837 | 11.1 | 145 | 11.4 | 459 | 11.1 | 233 | 11.0 | ||
All (N = 7514) | Low (N = 1275) | Medium (N = 4129) | High (N = 2110) | p-Value | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Days 4 | 10.1 | 3.3 | 10.1 | 3.4 | 10.1 | 3.3 | 10.2 | 3.3 | 0.171 | |
Weight (kg) | 68.8 | 16.3 | 70.8 | 15.6 | 68.9 | 14.4 | 67.6 | 19.8 | <0.001 | |
Adherence to MedDiet 5 | ||||||||||
Before confinement | 6.5 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 8.7 | 1.6 | <0.001 | |
During confinement | 7.3 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 9.8 | 0.9 | <0.001 |
All (N = 7514) | Low (N = 1275) | Medium (N = 4129) | High (N = 2110) | p-Value 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Meals Out-of-Home 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
0 | 2975 | 39.6 | 387 | 30.4 | 1600 | 38.8 | 988 | 46.8 | |
1 | 2207 | 29.4 | 392 | 30.7 | 1245 | 30.2 | 570 | 27.0 | |
2 | 758 | 10.1 | 176 | 13.8 | 425 | 10.3 | 157 | 7.4 | |
3 | 1574 | 20.9 | 320 | 25.1 | 859 | 20.8 | 395 | 18.7 | |
Alcohol Intake | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 2429 | 32.3 | 384 | 30.1 | 1265 | 30.6 | 780 | 37.0 | |
Lower | 4302 | 57.3 | 757 | 59.4 | 2390 | 57.9 | 1155 | 54.7 | |
Higher | 783 | 10.4 | 134 | 10.5 | 474 | 11.5 | 175 | 8.3 | |
Type of Cooking | <0.001 | ||||||||
Stew | 2208 | 29.4 | 302 | 23.7 | 1258 | 30.5 | 648 | 30.7 | |
Fried | 310 | 4.1 | 122 | 9.6 | 148 | 3.6 | 40 | 1.9 | |
Oven | 1398 | 18.6 | 249 | 19.5 | 750 | 18.2 | 399 | 18.9 | |
Microwave | 261 | 3.5 | 73 | 5.7 | 125 | 3.0 | 63 | 3.0 | |
Griddle | 3337 | 44.4 | 529 | 41.5 | 1848 | 44.8 | 960 | 45.5 | |
Frequency of Cooking | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 3809 | 50.7 | 594 | 46.6 | 2055 | 49.8 | 1160 | 55.0 | |
Lower | 273 | 3.6 | 73 | 5.7 | 147 | 3.6 | 53 | 2.5 | |
Higher | 3432 | 45.7 | 608 | 47.7 | 1927 | 46.7 | 897 | 42.5 | |
Fried Foods Intake | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 5517 | 73.4 | 887 | 69.6 | 2995 | 72.5 | 1635 | 77.5 | |
Lower | 1525 | 20.3 | 217 | 17.0 | 885 | 21.4 | 423 | 20.0 | |
Higher | 472 | 6.3 | 171 | 13.4 | 249 | 6.0 | 52 | 2.5 | |
Fried Foods Frequency Per Week | <0.001 | ||||||||
1–3 | 2894 | 38.5 | 647 | 50.7 | 1656 | 40.1 | 591 | 28.0 | |
4–6 | 309 | 4.1 | 105 | 8.2 | 157 | 3.8 | 47 | 2.2 | |
>7 | 23 | 0.3 | 11 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.2 | 5 | 0.2 | |
<1 | 2755 | 36.7 | 370 | 29.0 | 1521 | 36.8 | 864 | 40.9 | |
Never | 1533 | 20.4 | 142 | 11.1 | 788 | 19.1 | 603 | 28.6 | |
Oil Used for Frying | <0.001 | ||||||||
Olive oil | 5139 | 68.4 | 891 | 69.9 | 2848 | 69.0 | 1400 | 66.4 | |
Sunflower | 930 | 12.4 | 235 | 18.4 | 546 | 13.2 | 149 | 7.1 | |
None | 1383 | 18.4 | 129 | 10.1 | 709 | 17.2 | 545 | 25.8 | |
Other | 62 | 0.8 | 20 | 1.6 | 26 | 0.6 | 16 | 0.8 | |
Snacking Frequency | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 3511 | 46.7 | 483 | 37.9 | 1923 | 46.6 | 1105 | 52.4 | |
Lower | 1176 | 15.7 | 150 | 11.8 | 658 | 15.9 | 368 | 17.4 | |
Higher | 2827 | 37.6 | 642 | 50.4 | 1548 | 37.5 | 637 | 30.2 | |
Fast Food Frequency | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 4507 | 60.0 | 627 | 49.2 | 2466 | 59.7 | 1414 | 67.0 | |
Lower | 2623 | 34.9 | 498 | 39.1 | 1471 | 35.6 | 654 | 31.0 | |
Higher | 384 | 5.1 | 150 | 11.8 | 192 | 4.7 | 42 | 2.0 | |
Eating More | <0.001 | ||||||||
No | 4783 | 63.7 | 637 | 50.0 | 2600 | 63.0 | 1546 | 73.3 | |
Yes | 2731 | 36.3 | 638 | 50.0 | 1529 | 37.0 | 564 | 26.7 | |
Physical Activity | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 1403 | 18.7 | 191 | 15.0 | 766 | 18.6 | 446 | 21.1 | |
Lower | 4475 | 59.6 | 770 | 60.4 | 2458 | 59.5 | 1247 | 59.1 | |
Higher | 1196 | 15.9 | 187 | 14.7 | 652 | 15.8 | 357 | 16.9 | |
Never | 440 | 5.9 | 127 | 10.0 | 253 | 6.1 | 60 | 2.8 | |
Weight Gain | <0.001 | ||||||||
No | 3556 | 47.3 | 464 | 36.4 | 1918 | 46.5 | 1174 | 55.6 | |
Unknown | 2993 | 39.8 | 593 | 46.5 | 1663 | 40.3 | 737 | 34.9 | |
Yes | 965 | 12.8 | 218 | 17.1 | 548 | 13.3 | 199 | 9.4 |
MEDAS Food Groups | Low Before (N = 2447) | Low Confinement (N = 1275) | High Before (N = 1294) | High Confinement (N = 2135) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Olive Oil (Tablespoons/d) | ||||||||
As before | 1921 | 78.5 | 1075 | 84.3 | 1222 | 94.4 | 1850 | 87.7 |
Lower | 225 | 9.2 | 72 | 5.7 | 39 | 3 | 117 | 5.5 |
Higher | 301 | 12.3 | 128 | 10.0 | 33 | 2.6 | 143 | 6.8 |
Vegetables (Servings/d) | ||||||||
As before | 1462 | 59.7 | 878 | 68.9 | 1157 | 89.4 | 1583 | 75 |
Lower | 416 | 17 | 248 | 19.5 | 69 | 5.3 | 113 | 5.4 |
Higher | 569 | 23.3 | 149 | 11.7 | 68 | 5.3 | 414 | 19.6 |
Fruits (Servings/d) | ||||||||
As before | 1395 | 57 | 830 | 65.1 | 1092 | 84.4 | 1523 | 72.2 |
Lower | 432 | 17.7 | 230 | 18.0 | 114 | 8.8 | 197 | 9.3 |
Higher | 620 | 25.3 | 215 | 16.9 | 88 | 6.8 | 390 | 18.5 |
Red Meat (Servings/d) | ||||||||
As before | 1278 | 52.2 | 919 | 72.1 | 1160 | 89.6 | 1505 | 71.3 |
Lower | 915 | 37.4 | 167 | 13.1 | 80 | 6.2 | 528 | 25.0 |
Higher | 254 | 10.4 | 189 | 14.8 | 54 | 4.2 | 77 | 3.7 |
Sweet Beverages (Servings/d) | ||||||||
As before | 1201 | 49.1 | 834 | 65.4 | 1203 | 93 | 1592 | 75.5 |
Lower | 959 | 39.2 | 228 | 17.9 | 53 | 4.1 | 459 | 21.8 |
Higher | 287 | 11.7 | 213 | 16.7 | 38 | 2.9 | 59 | 2.8 |
Legumes (Servings/w) | ||||||||
As before | 1706 | 69.7 | 975 | 76.5 | 1165 | 90 | 1688 | 80.0 |
Lower | 280 | 11.4 | 140 | 11.0 | 35 | 2.7 | 95 | 4.5 |
Higher | 461 | 18.8 | 160 | 12.5 | 94 | 7.3 | 327 | 15.5 |
Fish (Servings/w) | ||||||||
As before | 1546 | 63.2 | 907 | 71.1 | 1086 | 83.9 | 1575 | 74.6 |
Lower | 639 | 26.1 | 278 | 21.8 | 172 | 13.3 | 376 | 17.8 |
Higher | 262 | 10.7 | 90 | 7.1 | 36 | 2.8 | 159 | 7.5 |
Non-Homemade Pastries (Units/w) | ||||||||
As before | 1031 | 42.1 | 661 | 51.8 | 1084 | 83.8 | 1450 | 68.7 |
Lower | 767 | 31.3 | 155 | 12.2 | 70 | 5.4 | 450 | 21.3 |
Higher | 649 | 26.5 | 459 | 36.0 | 140 | 10.8 | 210 | 10.0 |
Non-Change N = 4122 | Change in MD Adherence | p-Value 1 | Crude Model 2 | Adjusted Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 3392 | |||||||||
N | % | N | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Meals out-of-home 2 | <0.001 | ||||||||
0 | 1771 | 43.0 | 1204 | 35.5 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
1 | 1198 | 29.1 | 1009 | 29.7 | 1.24 | [1.11;1.38] | 1.20 | [1.07;1.35] | |
2 | 340 | 8.2 | 418 | 12.3 | 1.81 | [1.54;2.12] | 1.72 | [1.45;2.02] | |
3 | 813 | 19.7 | 761 | 22.4 | 1.38 | [1.22;1.56] | 1.32 | [1.16;1.50] | |
Alcohol intake | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 1612 | 39.1 | 817 | 24.1 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Lower | 2062 | 50.0 | 2240 | 66.0 | 2.14 | [1.93;2.38] | 2.15 | [1.93;2.38] | |
Higher | 448 | 10.9 | 335 | 9.9 | 1.48 | [1.25;1.74] | 1.42 | [1.20;1.68] | |
Difficult finding foods | <0.001 | ||||||||
No | 3076 | 74.6 | 2392 | 70.5 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes | 1046 | 25.4 | 1000 | 29.5 | 1.23 | [1.11;1.36] | 1.19 | [1.07;1.32] | |
Frequency of cooking | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 2372 | 57.5 | 1437 | 42.4 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Lower | 123 | 3.0 | 150 | 4.4 | 2.01 | [1.57;2.58] | 1.98 | [1.54;2.55] | |
Higher | 1627 | 39.5 | 1805 | 53.2 | 1.83 | [1.67;2.01] | 1.78 | [1.61;1.96] | |
Fried foods intake | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 3452 | 83.7 | 2065 | 60.9 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Lower | 397 | 9.6 | 1128 | 33.3 | 4.75 | [4.19;5.39] | 4.71 | [4.14;5.35] | |
Higher | 273 | 6.6 | 199 | 5.87 | 1.22 | [1.01;1.47] | 1.18 | [0.97;1.43] | |
Fried foods frequency per week | 0.001 | ||||||||
1–3 | 1665 | 40.4 | 1229 | 36.2 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
4–6 | 180 | 4.4 | 129 | 3.8 | 0.97 | [0.76;1.23] | 0.97 | [0.76;1.23] | |
>7 | 14 | 0.3 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.88 | [0.36;2.02] | 0.85 | [0.36;1.99] | |
<1 | 1475 | 35.8 | 1280 | 37.7 | 1.18 | [1.06;1.31] | 1.15 | [1.04;1.28] | |
Never | 788 | 19.1 | 745 | 22.0 | 1.28 | [1.13;1.45] | 1.21 | [1.06;1.37] | |
Oil used for frying | 0.123 | ||||||||
Olive oil | 2865 | 69.5 | 2274 | 67.0 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Sunflower | 497 | 12.1 | 433 | 12.8 | 1.10 | [0.95;1.26] | 1.12 | [0.97;1.29] | |
None * | 725 | 17.6 | 658 | 19.4 | 1.14 | [1.02;1.29] | 1.08 | [0.95;1.22] | |
Other | 35 | 0.8 | 27 | 0.8 | 0.97 | [0.58;1.61] | 0.97 | [0.58;1.61] | |
Snacking frequency | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 2179 | 52.9 | 1332 | 39.3 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Lower | 373 | 9.0 | 803 | 23.7 | 3.52 | [3.06;4.05] | 3.53 | [3.06;4.07] | |
Higher | 1570 | 38.1 | 1257 | 37.1 | 1.31 | [1.18;1.45] | 1.29 | [1.16;1.43] | |
Fast food frequency | <0.001 | ||||||||
As before | 2918 | 70.8 | 1589 | 46.8 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Lower | 973 | 23.6 | 1650 | 48.6 | 3.11 | [2.82;3.44] | 3.12 | [2.82;3.46] | |
Higher | 231 | 5.6 | 153 | 4.5 | 1.22 | [0.98;1.50] | 1.20 | [0.96;1.49] | |
Physical activity | 0.022 | ||||||||
As before | 768 | 18.6 | 635 | 18.7 | Ref. | NA | |||
Lower | 2460 | 59.7 | 2015 | 59.4 | 0.99 | [0.88;1.12] | |||
Never | 268 | 6.5 | 172 | 5.1 | 0.78 | [0.62;0.97] | |||
Weight gain | 0.135 | ||||||||
No | 1920 | 46.6 | 1636 | 48.2 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Unknown | 1684 | 40.9 | 1309 | 38.6 | 0.91 | [0.83;1.01] | 0.89 | [0.80;0.98] | |
Yes | 518 | 12.6 | 447 | 13.2 | 1.01 | [0.88;1.17] | 1.01 | [0.87;1.17] | |
Week | 0.135 | ||||||||
1 | 825 | 20.0 | 685 | 20.2 | Ref. | Ref. | |||
2 | 2864 | 69.5 | 2303 | 67.9 | 0.97 | [0.86;1.09] | 0.97 | [0.86;1.09] | |
3 | 433 | 10.5 | 404 | 11.9 | 1.12 | [0.95;1.33] | 1.13 | [0.94;1.36] |
Non-Change N = 4122 | Change in MD Adherence N = 3392 | p-Value 1 | Adjusted Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | OR | 95% CI | ||
Olive Oil for Cooking | 0.187 | ||||||
No | 66 | 1.60 | 69 | 2.0 | Ref. | ||
Yes | 4056 | 98.4 | 3323 | 98.0 | 0.70 | [0.49;1.01] | |
Olive Oil (Tablespoons/d) | 0.573 | ||||||
>4 | 1162 | 28.2 | 987 | 29.1 | Ref. | ||
0–1.9 | 732 | 17.8 | 612 | 18.0 | 0.93 | [0.81;1.08] | |
2–3.9 | 2228 | 54.1 | 1793 | 52.9 | 0.91 | [0.82;1.02] | |
Olive Oil Confinement | <0.001 | ||||||
As before | 3831 | 93.0 | 2633 | 77.6 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 150 | 3.6 | 319 | 9.4 | 3.22 | [2.61;3.96] | |
Higher | 141 | 3.4 | 440 | 13.0 | 5.21 | [4.24;6.39] | |
Vegetables (Servings/d) | <0.001 | ||||||
>2 | 1197 | 29.0 | 1362 | 40.2 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 790 | 19.2 | 486 | 14.3 | 0.69 | [0.59;0.81] | |
1–1.9 | 2135 | 51.8 | 1544 | 45.5 | 0.73 | [0.66;0.82] | |
Vegetables Confinement | <0.001 | ||||||
As before | 3461 | 84.0 | 2001 | 59.0 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 449 | 10.9 | 418 | 12.3 | 1.92 | [1.64;2.23] | |
Higher | 212 | 5.14 | 973 | 28.7 | 8.08 | [6.84;9.50] | |
Fruits (Servings/d) | <0.001 | ||||||
>3 | 867 | 21.0 | 984 | 29.0 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 893 | 21.7 | 577 | 17.0 | 0.68 | [0.58;0.80] | |
1–2.9 | 2362 | 57.3 | 1831 | 54.0 | 0.75 | [0.66;0.84] | |
Fruits Confinement | <0.001 | ||||||
As before | 3342 | 81.1 | 1842 | 54.3 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 471 | 11.4 | 531 | 15.7 | 2.36 | [2.03;2.72] | |
Higher | 309 | 7.5 | 1019 | 30.0 | 6.49 | [5.61;7.52] | |
Red Meat (Servings/d) | <0.001 | ||||||
>1 | 786 | 19.1 | 456 | 13.4 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 3336 | 80.9 | 2936 | 86.6 | 1.32 | [1.16;1.51] | |
Red Meat Confinement | 0.000 | ||||||
As before | 3766 | 91.4 | 1587 | 46.8 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 42 | 1.0 | 1590 | 46.9 | 101.48 | [74.66;140.66] | |
Higher | 314 | 7.6 | 215 | 6.3 | 1.82 | [1.50;2.23] | |
Fats (Servings/d) | 0.225 | ||||||
>1 | 181 | 4.4 | 170 | 5.0 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 3941 | 95.6 | 3222 | 95.0 | 0.73 | [0.58;0.91] | |
Sweet Beverages (Servings/d) | <0.001 | ||||||
>1 | 468 | 11.4 | 254 | 7.5 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 3654 | 88.6 | 3138 | 92.5 | 1.35 | [0.87;1.33] | |
Sweet Beverages Confinement | 0.000 | ||||||
As before | 3745 | 91. 0 | 1600 | 47.2 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 30 | 0.7 | 1578 | 46.5 | 145.47 | [102.21;214.52] | |
Higher | 347 | 8.4 | 214 | 6.3 | 1.90 | [1.52;2.34] | |
Legumes (Servings/w) | <0.001 | ||||||
>3 | 652 | 15.8 | 797 | 23.5 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 727 | 17.6 | 482 | 14.2 | 0.61 | [0.52;0.72] | |
1–2.9 | 2743 | 66.5 | 2113 | 62.3 | 0.69 | [0.61;0.77] | |
Legumes Confinement | <0.001 | ||||||
As before | 3625 | 87.9 | 2247 | 66.2 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 209 | 5.1 | 330 | 9.7 | 2.97 | [2.47;3.62] | |
Higher | 288 | 7.0 | 815 | 24.0 | 4.71 | [4.04;5.46] | |
Fish (Servings/w) | 0.003 | ||||||
>3 | 636 | 15.4 | 605 | 17.8 | Ref. | ||
0–0.9 | 1173 | 28.5 | 1001 | 29.5 | 1.06 | [0.91;1.23] | |
1–2.9 | 2313 | 56.1 | 1786 | 52.7 | 0.91 | [0.80;1.04] | |
Fish Confinement | <0.001 | ||||||
As before | 3403 | 82.6 | 2034 | 60.0 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 594 | 14.4 | 942 | 27.8 | 2.88 | [2.54;3.25] | |
Higher | 125 | 3.0 | 416 | 12.3 | 6.17 | [4.98;7.69] | |
Pastries (Unit/day) | <0.001 | ||||||
>2 | 1118 | 27.1 | 714 | 21.0 | Ref. | ||
0–1.9 | 3004 | 72.9 | 2678 | 79.0 | 1.28 | [1.14;1.44] | |
Pastries Confinement | 0.000 | ||||||
As before | 3187 | 77.3 | 1540 | 45.4 | Ref. | ||
Lower | 76 | 1.8 | 1261 | 37.2 | 36.59 | [28.89;46.94] | |
Higher | 859 | 20.8 | 591 | 17.4 | 1.68 | [1.46;1.94] |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Rodríguez-Pérez, C.; Molina-Montes, E.; Verardo, V.; Artacho, R.; García-Villanova, B.; Guerra-Hernández, E.J.; Ruíz-López, M.D. Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730
Rodríguez-Pérez C, Molina-Montes E, Verardo V, Artacho R, García-Villanova B, Guerra-Hernández EJ, Ruíz-López MD. Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Pérez, Celia, Esther Molina-Montes, Vito Verardo, Reyes Artacho, Belén García-Villanova, Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernández, and María Dolores Ruíz-López. 2020. "Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730