A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Requirements and Intake of Dietary Vitamin D
3. Vitamin D Metabolism in Mushrooms
4. Vitamin D Content of Fresh Mushrooms
4.1. Fresh Wild Mushrooms
4.2. Fresh Retail Mushrooms
4.3. Fresh Mushrooms Exposed to Sunlight
4.4. Fresh Mushrooms Exposed to UV Radiation from Lamps
5. Dried Mushrooms Exposed to UV Radiation from Lamps
5.1. Sun-Dried Mushrooms
5.2. Hot-Air Dried Mushrooms
5.3. Freeze-Dried Mushrooms
6. Stability of Vitamin D2 in Vitamin D-Enhanced Mushrooms after Storage and Cooking
6.1. Storage
6.2. Cooking
7. Bioavailability of Vitamin D2 from Mushrooms
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Years) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–18 | 19–30 | 31–50 | 51–70 | 71+ | |
United States of America a | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 |
Canada b | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 |
United Kingdom c | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Europe d | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Australia and New Zealand e | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
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Cardwell, G.; Bornman, J.F.; James, A.P.; Black, L.J. A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101498
Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Black LJ. A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101498
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardwell, Glenn, Janet F. Bornman, Anthony P. James, and Lucinda J. Black. 2018. "A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101498