Characterization of Tableware from Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém—Linking Analytical and Documental Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Manuscript from the Archive of Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém
2.3. Analytical Approach
2.3.1. X-ray Microdiffraction (Micro-XRD)
2.3.2. Vis-SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy
2.3.3. Optical Microscope (OM)
2.3.4. Variable-Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS)
2.3.5. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FE-SEM-EDS)
2.3.6. Micro-Raman Spectroscopy (μ-Raman)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ceramic Body
3.2. Transparent Glaze
3.3. Pigments
3.3.1. Green
3.3.2. Blue
3.3.3. Brown
3.3.4. Black
3.3.5. Pink
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Typology | Provenance 1 | Colour | Period | Motif |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAC1 | Plate | AALS | Strong blue | RFS-G | TOGG |
SAC2 | soup plate | AALS | Black | FS | Statue |
SAC4 | soup plate | AALS | Light blue | RFS | Ornato |
SAC7 | plate | AALS | Green | RFS | Pheasant |
SAC12 | plate | AALS | Green | RFS | Pheasant |
SAC13 | soup plate | AALS | Brown | FS | Metz |
SAC14 | plate | AALS | Blue lavender | RFS | Statue |
SAC16 | plate | AALS | Blue lavender | FS | Venice |
SAC18 | plate | AALS | Blue lavender | FS | Venice |
CC_NEC_5 | plate | Arq_CC | Green | FS | Statue |
CC_NEC_14 | plate | Arq_CC | Green | RFS | Statue |
CC_NEC_16 | plate | Arq_CC | Green | RFS | Statue |
CC_NEC_59 | plate | Arq_CC | Strong blue | FS | Statue |
CC_NEC_110 | plate | Arq_CC | Black | RFS | Statue |
MCS1 | dish | MCS | Light blue | MJA | - |
MCS14 | dish | MCS | Brown | FS | Oriental |
MCS 9358 | plate | MCS | Pink | RFS | Willow |
Period | Sample | Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | Fe2O3 | CoO | ZnO | BaO | PbO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MJA | MCS1 | σ | 3.7 | 0.1 | 13.7 | 51.2 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 19.3 |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.5 | ||
FLS | SAC2 | σ | 3.7 | 0.5 | 17.1 | 64.4 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 | n.d. | 0.03 | 4.6 |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 0.02 | 0.5 | ||
SAC13 | σ | 2.1 | 0.2 | 14.3 | 59.3 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | n.d | n.d | 0.8 | 14.2 | |
S.D. | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | - | - | 0.1 | 1.2 | ||
SAC16 | σ | 1.9 | 0.3 | 13.9 | 60.5 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | n.d | n.d | 1.1 | 11.5 | |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.2 | 1.0 | ||
CC_NEC_59 | σ | 1.4 | 0.2 | 14.2 | 58.6 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | n.d | 0.8 | 14.7 | |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||
CC_NEC_5 | σ | 1.3 | 0.2 | 12.2 | 58.3 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | n.d. | n.d | 1.2 | 16.1 | |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.7 | ||
RFS | CC_NEC_14 | σ | 2.5 | 0.1 | 13.3 | 55.0 | 3.1 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 2.9 | n.d. | 12.4 |
S.D. | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | 0.9 | ||
SAC14 | σ | 2.0 | 0.2 | 15.8 | 58.7 | 4.3 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 8.8 | |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.1 | - | - | - | 0.9 | ||
SAC12 | σ | 1.7 | 0.2 | 15.4 | 60.2 | 4.0 | 8.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 8.9 | |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | - | - | - | 0.6 | ||
MCS9358 | σ | 2.3 | 0.2 | 16.1 | 58.6 | 3.7 | 8.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.03 | n.d. | n.d. | 9.5 | |
S.D. | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.04 | - | 0.5 | |||
RFS-G | SAC1 | σ | 1.6 | 0.2 | 14.7 | 65.2 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.1 | 7.2 |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
CMOGC | Measured | σ | 3.7 | 0.5 | 17.1 | 64.4 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | n.d. | n.d. | 11.8 | 36.8 |
S.D. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.1 | 3.9 | ||
Ref. | 2.1 | 0.2 | 14.3 | 59.3 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.18 | 0.052 | 11.4 | 36.7 |
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Coutinho, M.L.; Veiga, J.P.; Ruivo, A.; Pereira da Silva, T.; Bottura-Scardina, S.; Lima, M.M.R.A.; Pereira, C.; Dias, A.C.; Dias, L.; Vandenabeele, P.; et al. Characterization of Tableware from Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém—Linking Analytical and Documental Research. Minerals 2024, 14, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030324
Coutinho ML, Veiga JP, Ruivo A, Pereira da Silva T, Bottura-Scardina S, Lima MMRA, Pereira C, Dias AC, Dias L, Vandenabeele P, et al. Characterization of Tableware from Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém—Linking Analytical and Documental Research. Minerals. 2024; 14(3):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030324
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoutinho, Mathilda L., João Pedro Veiga, Andreia Ruivo, Teresa Pereira da Silva, Silvia Bottura-Scardina, Maria Margarida R. A. Lima, Carlos Pereira, Ana Carvalho Dias, Luis Dias, Peter Vandenabeele, and et al. 2024. "Characterization of Tableware from Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém—Linking Analytical and Documental Research" Minerals 14, no. 3: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030324