Mineral Composition and Structural Characterization of the Clinoptilolite Powders Obtained from Zeolite-Rich Tuffs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Macroscopic Analysis
2.2. X-ray Analysis
2.3. X-ray Fluorescence
2.4. Thermal Analysis
2.5. SEM Analysis
2.6. Particle Size Distribution
2.7. Textural and Physical Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis
3.2. XRD Analysis
3.3. X-ray Fluorescence
3.4. Thermal Analysis
3.5. SEM Analysis
3.6. Particle Size Distribution
3.7. Textural and Physical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Deposit | Type of Clinoptilolite-Bearing Rock | Clinoptilolite Content (wt %) |
---|---|---|
Ukraine-investigated sample | Volcanic tuff | ≈70 |
Slovakia-investigated sample | Volcanic tuff | ≈85 |
Slovakia [52] | Volcanic tuff | 70 to 85 |
Ukraine [53] | Volcanic tuff | ≈75 |
The U.S. Nevada [16] | Volcanic tuff | 97 |
Cuba [54] | Volcanic tuff | 65 |
Turkey [55] | Volcanic tuff | 79 |
Yemen [45] | Volcanic tuff | 68 to 72 |
Serbia [56] | Volcanic tuff | >80 |
North Sardinia [57] | Volcanic tuff | 63 |
Deposit | Chemical Composition (wt %) | Si/Al Ratio 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | TiO2 | LOI 1 | ||
Ukraine-investigated sample | 68.57 | 11.77 | 1.95 | 2.52 | 0.74 | 3.32 | 1.16 | 0.15 | 9.67 | 5.10 |
Slovakia-investigated sample | 67.15 | 12.39 | 1.43 | 3.36 | 0.56 | 3.63 | 0.95 | 0.17 | 10.27 | 4.90 |
Ukraine [58] | 65.24 | 12.58 | 1.85 | 3.24 | 0.78 | 2.88 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 12.23 | - 3 |
Slovakia [52] | 67.16 | 12.30 | 2.30 | 2.91 | 1.10 | 2.28 | 0.66 | 0.17 | 10.90 | - 3 |
The U.S. Nevada [16] | 66.70 | 11.48 | 0.90 | 1.33 | 0.27 | 3.42 | 1.80 | 0.13 | 13.95 | 5.80 |
The U.S Texas [59] | 68.07 | 13.59 | 2.43 | 7.97 | 1.12 | 2.69 | 3.30 | - 3 | - 3 | 5.01 |
The U.S. Idaho [59] | 75.04 | 12.85 | 2.38 | 3.48 | 0.80 | 4.86 | 0.50 | - 3 | - 3 | 5.84 |
China [60] | 69.14 | 12.82 | - 3 | 3.70 | 0.05 | 1.94 | 1.58 | - 3 | - 3 | 4.58 |
Cuba [54] | 65.30 | 11.20 | 1.60 | 2.60 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.50 | 0.20 | 14.70 | - 3 |
Cuba (Discover in 2021) [15] | 64.69 | 12.61 | 1.62 | 2.59 | 0.55 | 2.01 | 0.82 | - 3 | 13.16 | 4.62 |
Turkey [55] | 69.71 | 11.74 | 1.21 | 2.30 | 0.31 | 4.41 | 0.76 | - 3 | 12.80 | - 3 |
Romania (white tuff) [18] | 70.72 | 10.17 | - 3 | 4.26 | 0.67 | 2.14 | 0.82 | 0.18 | 11.47 | - 3 |
Yemen [45] | 67.20 | 11.69 | 2.77 | 2.12 | 0.41 | 3.67 | 0.90 | - 3 | 10.23 | - 3 |
Central Sardinia [17] | 67.27 | 11.66 | 1.97 | 2.82 | 0.97 | 2.91 | 0.93 | 0.39 | 10.90 | - 3 |
North Sardinia [57] | 63.36 | 12.90 | - 3 | 3.10 | 1.29 | 2.16 | 1.390 | - 3 | 15.71 | 4.17 |
Clinoptilolite Source Locations | Estimated * Clinoptilolite Structural Decomposition Temperature (°C) |
---|---|
Ukraine-investigated sample | >1000 |
Slovakia-investigated sample | >1000 |
The U.S. Nevada [16] | 700 |
The U.S. Texas [59] | 965 |
The U.S. Idaho [59] | 965 |
Cuba [8] | >1000 |
The U.K. [59] | >920 |
Turkey [65] | 800 |
Austria [66] | 720 |
North Sardinia [57] | 450–500 |
Italy (Modena) [67] | >1100 |
Deposit | Molar Si/Al Ratio |
---|---|
Ukraine-investigated sample | 4.90 * |
Slovakia-investigated sample | 4.00 * |
Slovakia [70] The U.S. Nevada [16] | 5.00 * 5.80–6.40 |
China [60] | 2.19–5.73 |
Turkey [69] | 5.25–6.08 |
Central Sardinia [17] | 4.13–5.42 |
Serbia [56] | 5.03 * |
Sample | Textural Properties | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBET (m2/g) | VTOT0.99 (cm3/g) | VmicT (cm3/g) | Smic (m2/g) | VmesBJH (cm3/g) | Smes (m2/g) | Vmac (cm3/g) | Ravg (μm) | |
Ukrainian powder | 12.58 | 0.059 | 0.002 | 3.18 | 0.029 | 9.939 | 0.029 | 0.012 |
Slovakian powder | 29.91 | 0.122 | 0.003 | 5.68 | 0.064 | 23.815 | 0.055 | 0.011 |
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Pabiś-Mazgaj, E.; Gawenda, T.; Pichniarczyk, P.; Stempkowska, A. Mineral Composition and Structural Characterization of the Clinoptilolite Powders Obtained from Zeolite-Rich Tuffs. Minerals 2021, 11, 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101030
Pabiś-Mazgaj E, Gawenda T, Pichniarczyk P, Stempkowska A. Mineral Composition and Structural Characterization of the Clinoptilolite Powders Obtained from Zeolite-Rich Tuffs. Minerals. 2021; 11(10):1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101030
Chicago/Turabian StylePabiś-Mazgaj, Ewelina, Tomasz Gawenda, Paweł Pichniarczyk, and Agata Stempkowska. 2021. "Mineral Composition and Structural Characterization of the Clinoptilolite Powders Obtained from Zeolite-Rich Tuffs" Minerals 11, no. 10: 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101030