Wide Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maryland, USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source and Collection of Specimens
2.2. Parasite Concentration from Feces and DNA Extraction
2.3. Molecular Detection and Subtype Identification Using Next Generation Amplicon Sequencing
2.4. PCR Amplification and Sequencing of the Full-Length SSU rRNA Gene
2.5. Phylogenetic and Pairwise Distance Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer
3.2. Subtypes of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer
3.3. Blastocystis Intra-Subtype Variation
3.4. Validation of Novel Subtypes ST30 and ST31
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host (Scientific Name) | Country | Source of Deer | No. of Samples Examined/ No. of Positives (%) | Subtype(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasia elk (Alces alces) | United Kingdom | Zoo | 2/1 (50%) a | ST4(1), ST10(1), ST14(1), ND(1) | [27] |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 3/1 (33.3%) a | ST4(1), ST10(1), ST14(4) | [28] | |
Fallow deer (Dama dama) | China | Captive | 2/1 (50%) | ST10(1) | [24] |
Mauritius | Zoo | 2/2 (100%) | ST10(2) | [25] | |
Gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) | Brazil | Captive | 1/1 (100%) | ST5(1) | [26] |
Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) | South Korea | Wild | 125/51 (40.8%) | ST4(1), ST14(25) b | [29] |
Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) | Brazil | Captive | 1/1 (100%) | ND(1) b | [26] |
Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) | United Kingdom | Zoo | 1/1(100%) | ST14(1) | [27] |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 1/1(100%) | ST13(1) | [28] | |
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | Australia | Wild | 50/1 (2%) | ST4(1) | [30] |
China | Captive | 3/1 (33.3%) | ST10(1) | [24] | |
China | Zoo | 5/2 (40%) | ST10(2) | [31] | |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 1/1(100%) a | ST4(2), ST10(6) | [27] | |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 3/1(33.3%) a | ST4(3), ST10(5) | [28] | |
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) | China | Farm | 104/7 (6.7%) | ST10(3), ST13(4) | [23] |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 1/1(100%) | ST10(1) | [28] | |
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) | Denmark | Zoo | 1 c | ST10(1) | [32] |
United Kingdom | Zoo | 2/1 (50%) | ST5(1) | [25] | |
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) | China | Farm | 6/760 (0.8%) | ST10(5), ST14(1) | [33] |
China | Captive | 8/3 (37.5%) | ST10(3) | [24] | |
China | Farm | 82/12 (14.6%) | ST10(10), ST14(2) | [23] | |
China | Zoo | 11/1 (9.1%) | ST1(1) | [4] | |
Spotted deer (Axis axis) | Bangladesh | Zoo | 30/1 (3.3%) | ST14(1) | [34] |
White-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris) | China | Captive | 1/1 (100%) | ST10(1) | [24] |
White tailed-deer (Odocoileus virginianus) | United States | Wild | 80/71 (88.8) | ST1(1), ST3(2), ST4(3), ST10(51), ST14(30), ST21(14), ST23(14), ST24(55), ST25(1), ST26(2), ST30(11), ST31(19) d | This study |
No. of WTD | No. Blastocystis Positives (%) | Subtypes Identified | Subtypes Combinations Observed in Individual Samples | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group a | Fawn | 3 | 3 (100) | ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST30 | ST10/ST14/ST21(1); ST14/ST21/ST23(1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24/ST30(1) |
Yearling | 22 | 19 (86.4) | ST3, ST10, ST14, ST23, ST24, ST26, ST30, ST31 | ST3/ST31(1); ST3/ST10/ST14/ST24(1); ST10/ST14/ST24(2); ST10/ST24(4); ST10/ST24/ST26(1); ST10/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST30(1); ST10/ST31(2); ST10/ST24/ST31(2); ST14/ST24(2); ST24(1); ST24/ST31(1) | |
Adult | 54 | 48 (88.9) | ST1, ST4, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, ST26, ST30, ST31 | ST1/ST10/ST21/ST24(1); ST4/ST24(1); ST4/ST24/ST31(1); ST4/ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST25/ST26(1); ST10/ST14(2); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST14/ST24(5); ST10/ST14/ST31 (1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST30(3); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24(2); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24/ST30(2); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24/ST30(2); ST10/ST14/ST24/ST31(1); ST10/ST31(2); ST10/ST21/ST24(2); ST10/ST23(2); ST10/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST24(4); ST10/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST24/ST31(1); ST14(1); ST14/ST24(1); ST24(3); ST24/ST30(1); ST24/ST31(4); ST31(2) | |
Gender a | Males | 36 | 31 (86.1) | ST3, ST4, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, ST26, ST30, ST31 | ST3/ST31(1); ST3/ST10/ST14/ST24(1); ST4/ST24(1); ST4/ST24/ST31(1); ST4/ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST25/ST26(1); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24(2); ST10/ST14/ST24(4); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST14/ST24/ST31(1); ST14/ST21/ST23(1); ST10/ST30(1); ST10/ST31(1); ST10/ST23(1); ST10/ST24(3); ST10/ST24/ST26(1); ST10/ST24/ST31(2); ST14/ST24(2); ST24(2); ST24/ST30(1); ST24/ST31(2) |
Females | 43 | 39 (90.7) | ST1, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST30, ST31 | ST1/ST10/ST21/ST24(1); ST10/ST14(2); ST10/ST14/ST21(1); ST10/ST14/ST24(3); ST10/ST14/ST31 (1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST30(2); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24/ST30(3); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST31(3); ST10/ST21/ST24(2); ST10/ST23(1); ST10/ST23/ST24(2); ST10/ST24(5); ST10/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST24/ST31(1); ST14(1); ST14/ST24(1); ST24(2); ST24/ST31(3); ST31(2) | |
Total | 80 | 71 (88.8) | ST1, ST3, ST4, ST10, ST14, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST25, ST26, ST30, and ST31 | ST1/ST10/ST21/ST24(1); ST3/ST10/ST14/ST24(1); ST3/ST31(1); ST4/ST24(1); ST4/ST24/ST31(1); ST4/ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST25/ST26(1); ST10/ST14(2); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24(1); ST10/ST14/ST24(7); ST10/ST14/ST31 (1); ST10/ST23/ST24/ST31(1); ST10/ST14/ST21(1); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24(2); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST24/ST30(3); ST10/ST14/ST21/ST23/ST24/ST30(3); ST10/ST14/ST23/ST24/ST30(2); ST10/ST14/ST24/ST31(1); ST10/ST30(1); ST10/ST31(4); ST14/ST21/ST23(1);ST10/ST21/ST24(2); ST10/ST23(2); ST10/ST23/ST24(2); ST10/ST24(8); ST10/ST24/ST26(1); ST10/ST24/ST30(1); ST10/ST24/ST31(3); ST14(1); ST14/ST24(3); ST24(4); ST24/ST30(1); ST24/ST31(5); ST31(2) |
Blastocystis Subtype | No. of Blastocystis-Positive Samples | Percentage of Positive WTD | No. of Unique Sequences within Subtype |
---|---|---|---|
ST1 | 1 | 1.4 | 2 |
ST3 | 2 | 2.8 | 2 |
ST4 | 3 | 4.2 | 2 |
ST10 | 51 | 71.8 | 14 |
ST14 | 30 | 42.3 | 3 |
ST21 | 14 | 19.7 | 3 |
ST23 | 14 | 19.7 | 1 |
ST24 | 55 | 77.5 | 3 |
ST25 | 1 | 1.4 | 1 |
ST26 | 2 | 2.8 | 3 |
ST30 | 11 | 15.5 | 3 |
ST31 | 19 | 26.8 | 1 |
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Maloney, J.G.; Jang, Y.; Molokin, A.; George, N.S.; Santin, M. Wide Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maryland, USA. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061343
Maloney JG, Jang Y, Molokin A, George NS, Santin M. Wide Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maryland, USA. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(6):1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061343
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaloney, Jenny G., Yunah Jang, Aleksey Molokin, Nadja S. George, and Monica Santin. 2021. "Wide Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maryland, USA" Microorganisms 9, no. 6: 1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061343