Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium
3. Origin of Salmonella Typhimurium ST34
4. Global Distribution of mcr-1-Carrying Pandemic Clone ST34
4.1. mcr-1-Positive ST34 Isolates from Human
4.2. mcr-1-Positive ST34 Isolates from Pig and Its Products
4.3. mcr-1-Positive ST34 Isolates from Other Animals
4.4. Diversified mcr-1 Carrying Plasmids in ST34
5. MDR and mcr-3-Carrying ST34 Linked with International Travel
6. Novel mcr-5-Harbouring ST34
7. Virulence Associated Features in mSTM ST34
7.1. Resilience to Heavy Metal
7.2. Biofilm-Forming Abilities
7.3. Virulence Potential in Cellular and Animal Model
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Years | % ST19 isolates | % ST34 Isolates |
---|---|---|
1890–1930 | 100 | 0 |
1934–1940 | 100 | 0 |
1941–1951 | 100 | 0 |
1952–1960 | 100 | 0 |
1961–1970 | 100 | 0 |
1971–1980 | 100 | 0 |
1981–1990 | 100 | 0 |
1991–2000 | 98.38449 | 1.615509 |
2001–2003 | 96.35258 | 3.647416 |
2004–2006 | 95.56804 | 4.43196 |
2007–2009 | 90.86271 | 9.137291 |
2010–2012 | 63.74658 | 36.25342 |
2013 | 64.14868 | 35.85132 |
2014 | 55.09771 | 44.90229 |
2015 | 50.5104 | 49.4896 |
2016 | 54.48694 | 45.51306 |
2017 | 60.84259 | 39.15741 |
2018 | 43.78029 | 56.21971 |
June 12, 2019 | 43.76435 | 56.23565 |
Year of Publication | Country | Year of Sampling | mcr type | Colistin MIC | Host | Sample Source | Sample Type | No. of Samples | No. of Salmonella Isolates | No of mcr Positive ST34 | Plasmid Type Detected | Comments | Travel History |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | China [10] | 2007–2015 | mcr-1 | 16 mg/L | Animals | Duck, chicken, swine | Faecal | 276 | 22 | 5 | IncI2, IncHI2 | ||
2016 | England and Wales [9] | 2012–2015 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | >24,000 | 17,684 | 4 | IncX4, IncHI2 | Thailand, Cambodia | |
2016 | Portugal [17] | 2002–2015 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human and Animals | Faeces/blood, Pork meat/carcass | 1010 | 1010 | 11 | IncHI2, IncX4 | Carried metal tolerance genes, (carrying pcoD + silA on the chromosome) | ||
2017 | Denmark [25] | 2009–2017 | mcr-1 and mcr-3 | Human | Human | Stool, blood or urine | 2500 | 10 [1 (mcr-1 + mcr-3); and 9 (mcr-3)] | IncHI2A, IncHI2, IncN, TrfA, IncQ1, ColRNAI, IncA/C2, IncFII, IncX1, IncFIC(FII), IncI2 | Four of the patients had travelled to Thailand and one to Vietnam before onset of disease; three patients had unknown travel history. | |||
2017 | China [23] | 2013–2014 | mcr-1 | 1–2 mg/L | Animals | Pigs | Cecum | 1780 | 142 | 19 | IncHI2 | ||
2017 | China [21] | 2014 | mcr-1.6 | 4 mg/L | Human | Human | Rectal swab | 1 | 1 | IncP | |||
2017 | Columbia [20] | 2012–2016 | mcr-1 | Human | Human | Stool, urine | 5887 | 13 | 3 | ColpVC, IncQ1, IncFIA, IncHI1A, IncHI1B | |||
2018 | Australia [11] | 2016–2017 | mcr-3 | 4 mg/L | Humans and animals | Human, pigs | 971 | 80 | 56 | The isolate from the case-patient who travelled to Vietnam | |||
2018 | Canada [24] | 2013 | mcr-3.2 | >4 mg/L | Human | Human | Faecal | 1 | 1 | IncHI2 | Man with previous travel history to Thailand | ||
2018 | China [22] | 2014 | mcr-1 | 8 mg/L | Animals | Pigs | Prepared pork that is ready-to-eat | 3200 | 30 | 1 | IncHI2, IncHI2A | ||
2019 | China [19] | 2007– 2016 | mcr-1 | 8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | 62 | 62 | 3 | IncI2, IncHI2 | Patients with infectious diarrhoea. 2 were infants and the other was 15 years old. | |
2019 | China [18] | 2006–2016 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | 134868 | 12053 | 37 | IncHI2, IncI2, IncX4 | Among the 37 patients infected with mcr-1-positive Salmonella, 33 (89%) were aged under 5 years. | |
2019 | Germany [26] | mcr-5 | 4 mg/L | animals | pigs | Faeces and meat | 315 | 8 | ColE-like, IncX1 | ||||
2019 | USA [12] | 2014–2016 | mcr-3.1 | >4 mg/L | Human | Human | Faecal | 100 | 1 | IncHI2 | 18 years old man with previous travel history to China |
References | mcr Gene Found | Antibiotic Resistance Phenotype | Antibiotic Resistance Genes | Virulence Resistance-Encoding Genes | Metal Resistance Genes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[9] | mcr-1 | Colistin, β-Lactam, fluoroquinolone | blaTEM-1, qnrS1 | NA | NA |
[17] | mcr-1 | Colistin, ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin, trimethoprim | blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, strA-strB, sul2, tet(B), strA-strB, sul2, floR, catA-cmlA, aadA1/aadA2, sul1-sul3/sul2, tet(A), dfrA1/dfrA12 | NA | pcoD + silA + merA + terF |
[10] | mcr-1 | Colistin, nalidixic acid, olaquindox, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, florfenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, floR, | NA | NA |
[23] | mcr-1 | Colistin, ampicillin, streptomycin, florfenicol, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, gentamicin | floR, oqxAB | NA | NA |
[20] | mcr-1 | Colistin, tetracycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, colistin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin | blaTEM-1, qnrB19, strA, strB, sul2, tetB, floR, tetA, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id | NA | NA |
[21] | mcr-1.6 | Colistin, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | strA, aph(3’)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IVa, aac(6’)Ib-cr, strB, blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-1, oqxA, oqxB, floR, catB3, cmlA1, arr-3, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(B), dfrA12 | NA | NA |
[19] | mcr-1 | Colistin, cefotaxime, cefepime, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin | aph(3′)-Ia/Ib, aadA1/A2, aac(6′)Ib-cr, aph(6)- Id, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-Iva, aph(3′′)-Ib, blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-14, blaOXA-1,oqxA, oqxB, qnrS2, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, fosA3, ARR-3, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA12 | NA | NA |
[22] | mcr-1 | Colistin, streptomycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic Acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, nalidixic acid, | strA, strB, sul2, tet(B), gyrA (D87N), phoP (S131P), phoQ (T168A); arnA (L48Q, G51E, N184D, A195S, I247M, G284D, C303R, D337N, E554D, D631G), arnC (S320P), arnD (P164S, V216A); pmrC (I81V, Q415E), pmrA (S89T, R211G), pmrB (T18M, S76G, V86I, T114A); pmrD (L85S); aadA1, aadA2, sul3, dfrA12, cmlA1 | sinH, shdA, rpoS, mig-14, csgA, csgC, csgE, csgG, csgB, csgD, bcfD, bcfB, bcfC, bcfE, bcfF, bcfG, fimA, fimC, fur, ompD, lpfB, lpfC, lpfD, lpfE, misL, nlpI, ratB, pagN, stfA, stfC, stfD, stfE, stfF, stfG, safB, safD, safC, stbA, stbB, stbC, stbD, stcA, stcB, stcC, stcD, stdC, stdD, stdA, stdB, sthA, sthB, sthC, sthE, stiA, stiB, stiC, stiH, stjA, stjB, stjC, STM4575, fimI, fimD, fimH, fimW, fimY, fimZ, flgJ, flgB, flgC, flgF, flgG, cheA, cheB, cheR, cheW, cheZ, flgA, flgH, flgI, flgL, flgN, flhC, flhD, flhE, fliA, fliB, fliC, fliD, fliE, fliG, fliI, fliJ, fliL, fliM, fliN, flip, fliR, fliS, fliT, fliY, fliZ, flk, motA, motB, sodCI, siiE, mgtB, mgtC, iroB, iroC, iroD, iroE, iroN, sciS, STM0278, clpV, sciB, sciC, sciD, sciE, sciF, sciH, sciI, sciJ, sciK, sciL, sciM, sciN, sciO, sciQ, sciR, sciT, sciV, sciW, sseI, gogB, sseL, orgC, steA, hilA, invF, prgH, prgJ, avrA, hilC, hilD, iacP, iagB, invB, invC, invG, invJ, orgB, prgI, prgK, sicA, sicP, sipA, sipC, sipD, slrP, sopA, sopB, sopD, sopE2, spaO, spaR, sprB, sptP, pipB, pipB2, sifB, sopD2, sscA, sscB, sseK1, sseK2, ssrA, ssrB, steC, ssaI, sifA, spiC, ssaC, ssaD, ssaG, ssaJ, ssaK, ssaL, ssaM, ssaN, ssaP, ssaQ, ssaR, ssaU, sseA, sseB, sseE, sseJ, sspH2 | arsC, arsB, arsA, arsR, arsD, cueO, pcoA, pcoB, pcoC, pcoD, fief, znuB, sitA, corC, corA, mgtA, merA, merR, merT, modC, modB, nikR, silP, silE, znuC, zraP, zupT, zur, terZ, terD, terC, terB, terE, terA, terW |
[18] | mcr-1 | Colistin, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, cefazolin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime | aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, blaCTX-M-3, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, sul2, tet(B), aac(3)-IId, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA2, blaDHA-1, blaOXA-1, qnrB4, mph(A), catB3, floR, ARR-3, sul1, tet(A), dfrA12, blaCTX-M-55, aph(3')-Ia, aadA1, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-IV, blaCTX-M-14, oqxA, oqxB, fosA3, cmlA1, sul3, blaCTX-M-24, tet(M), blaDHA-1, aadA2b, blaCMY-2, qnrS2 | NA | NA |
[25] | mcr-1 and mcr-3 | Colistin, aminoglycoside, β-Lactam, fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, tetracyclines, florfenicol, | aac(3)-IId, bla , strA, strB, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), blaCTX-M-55,qnrS1, catA2, floR | NA | NA |
[24] | mcr-3.2 | Colistin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline | sul3, tet(A), tet(B), aph(3¢)-Ic, aac(3)-IId, aadA1, aadA2, cmlA1, blaCTX-M-55,qnrS1, dfrA12 | NA | NA |
[11] | mcr-3 | Colistin, fluoroquinolone, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, sulfonamides | strA-strB, aph(3′)-Ia, blaTEM-1b, tet(A)-tet(B), sul2, dfrA5, qnrS1, aac(6′)lb-cr | NA | NA |
[12] | mcr-3.1 | Colistin, polymyxin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin, streptomycin | blaOXA-1, aac(6')Ib-cr, gyrA (D87N), arr-3, catB3, cmlA1, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet(B), dfrA12, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, ant(3'')-Ia, aac(6')-Iaa, aac(6')-Ib, aph(4)-Ia, aadA8b, aadA3, aadA2, aadA1b, aadA1, strA, aac(3)-Iva, aph(3')-Ia | NA | NA |
[26] | mcr-5 | Colistin, ampicillin; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; trimethoprim; chloramphenicol | blaTEM-1B, sul2, sul1, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1-like, dfrA5, dfrA12 | NA | NA |
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Biswas, S.; Li, Y.; Elbediwi, M.; Yue, M. Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090298
Biswas S, Li Y, Elbediwi M, Yue M. Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(9):298. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090298
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiswas, Silpak, Yan Li, Mohammed Elbediwi, and Min Yue. 2019. "Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34" Microorganisms 7, no. 9: 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090298