Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources of Salivary Metabolites in Healthy Subjects
3. Salivary Metabolites in Patients with Oral Inflammation
4. Salivary Metabolomics in Oral Mucosal Diseases and Oral Cancer
4.1. Tongue Disorders
4.2. Leukoplakia and Lichen Planus
4.3. Oral Cancer
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oral Diseases N (HC/D) * | Saliva | Elevated Salivary Metabolites | Lowered Salivary Metabolites | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Periodontitis 54 (22/32) | WS | acetate, c-aminobutyrate, n-butyrate, succinate, trimethylamine, propionate, valine | pyruvate, N-acetyl groups | [13] |
Periodontitis 52 (26/26) | SWS | butyrate | fucose, lactate, acetate, N-acetyl of glycoprotein, GABA, 3-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, methanol, threonine, ethanol | [14] |
Aggressive chronic periodontitis 100 (39/61) | USWS | proline, phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine | pyruvate, N-acetyl groups, lactate | [15] |
Chronic periodontitis 130 (120/10) | USWS | caproate, isocaproate, butyrate, isovalerate, isoleucine, isopropanol, methanol, 4-aminobutyrate, choline, sucrose, glycine, lysine, lactate, proline | [16] | |
Chronic periodontitis, post-surgery 176 (52/124) | WS | lactate, ethanol, succinate, glutamate | [17] | |
Chronic periodontitis 45 (15/30) | US | propylene glycol, ethanol, lactate, acetoin, succinate, methanol, glycerol, formate | valine, propionate, isopropanol, alanine, pyruvate, acetate, acetone, choline, taurine, glycine, glucose | [18] |
Periodontitis after therapy 23 (11/12) | USWS | alanine, glycine, taurine, proline, leucine, valine, isovalerate, tyrosine, methylamine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lactate, formate, glucose, sarcosine, hypoxanthine, uracil | acetate, propionate, butyrate, ethanol, succinate, acetoin, galactose, aspartate, creatine, choline, methanol, pyruvate, isopropanol | [19] |
Periodontitis 221 (92/129) | SWS | taurine, glucose, butyrate, isovalerate, glycolate, formate | ethanol, acetate, acetone, acetoin, choline, pyruvate, proline, lysine, propionate | [20] |
Dental caries 30 (10/20) | USWS | butyrate, ambiguous, lysine, saccharide region, phenylalanine, and propionate. | [21] | |
Dental caries in children 38 (38/NM) | USWS SWS | alanine, aspartate, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, taurine, tyrosine, fucose, galactose, glucose, xylose, choline, dimethylsulfone, hypoxanthine, menthol, N-acetyls, uracil | butyrate, acetone | [22] |
Oral Diseases N (HC/D) * | Saliva | Elevated Salivary Metabolites | Lowered Salivary Metabolites | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
OSCC 87/215 | WS | alanine, taurine, pipecolic acid, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, valine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, threonine, carnitine | [44] | |
OSCC/OL 34/69 | NM | alanine, lactic acid, 3-indolepropionic acid, n-eicosanoic acid | valine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, n-tetradecanoic acid, proline, threonine, phenylalanine, γ-aminobutyric acid | [40] |
OSCC 30/30 | USWS | lactic acid, hydroxyphenynactic acid, N-nonanoylglycine, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, succinic acid, ornithine, hexanoylcarnitine, propionylcholine | carnitine, 4-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid, acetylphenylalanine, spihingarine, phytosphingosine, S-carboxymethyl-L-cystein | [45] |
Oral cancer 44/24 | USWS | 3PG, pipecolate, spermidine, met, SAM, 2 AB, trp, val, hypoxanthine, gly-gly, trimetrhylamine N-oxide, guanine, guanosine, tautine, choline, cadaverine, thr | [46] | |
OSCC 35/101 | NM | glycine, proline, citrulline, ornithine | [47] | |
OSCC (OED, PSOML) NA/48 | USWS | ornithine, carnitine, arginine, o-hydroxybenzoate, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate, and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) | [48] | |
OL and OSCC 18/43 | USWS | d-glycerate-2-phosphate, estrone-3-glucuronide, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, sphin-ganine-1 phosphate,1-methyl histidine, inositol 1,3,4-triphosphate, d-glycerate-2-phosphate, 2-oxoarginine, norcocaine nitroxide, pseudouridine | S-ureidoglycolic acid, p-chlorphenylalanine, d-urobilinogen, N-(3-Indolylacetyl)-l-isoleucine, tetradecanedioic acid, 1-hexadecyl hexadecanoate, l- homocysteic acid, ubiquinone, neuraminic acid, and estradiol valerate. | [41] |
OSCC 124/249 | USWS | putrescine, cadaverine, thymidine, adenosine, 5-aminopentoate | hippuric acid, phosphocholine, glucose, serine, adrenic acid. | [49] |
OLP/OSCC NA/60 | USWS | trimethylamine N-oxide, putrescine, creatinine, 5-aminovalerate, pipecolate, N-acetylputrescine, gamma-butyrobetaine, indole-3-acetate, N1-acetylspermine, 2′-deoxyinosine, ethanolamine phosphate, N-acetylglucosamine | N-acetylhistidine, o-acetylcarnitine | [42] |
OLP 125/120 | USWS | 6 amino acid metabolites, 2 carnitines, 2 lipid metabolites and 9 other metabolites. | [50] | |
HNC with RT NA/9 | USWS | histidine, tyrosine, urocanate, glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tryptophan, lysine, methionine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), butyrate, 2-isopropaylate, 2-aminobutyric acids | [51] | |
Oral cancer and OL 30/60 | USWS | decanedioic acid, 2-methyloctacosane, Eicosane, Octane, 3,5-dimethyl, pentadecane, hentriacontane, 5,5-diethylpentadecane, nonadecane, oxalic acid, 6-phenylundecanea, L-proline, 2-furancarboxamide, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol, pentanoic acid, docosane. | [43] |
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Hyvärinen, E.; Kashyap, B.; Kullaa, A.M. Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites. Metabolites 2023, 13, 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040498
Hyvärinen E, Kashyap B, Kullaa AM. Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites. Metabolites. 2023; 13(4):498. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040498
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyvärinen, Eelis, Bina Kashyap, and Arja M. Kullaa. 2023. "Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites" Metabolites 13, no. 4: 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040498