Marine Polysaccharides as a Versatile Biomass for the Construction of Nano Drug Delivery Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Marine Polysaccharides
2.1. Structure and Classification
2.2. Advantages of Marine Polysaccharide-Based DDSs
2.3. Drawbacks of Using Polysaccharide in Drug Delivery
3. Preparation and Modification of the Marine Polysaccharide-Based DDS
3.1. Preparation of Marine Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles (NPs)
3.1.1. Polyelectrolyte Complexation (PEC)
3.1.2. Hydrophobic Interaction
3.1.3. Ionic Interaction
3.1.4. Covalent Crosslinking
3.2. Modification of Polysaccharide-Based NPs
3.2.1. Modification of Functional Molecules on Marine Polysaccharide-Based NPs
Polysaccharides | Structure | Source | Feature | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan (CS) | | Extracted from shrimp and crab | CS is a deacetylated chitin derivative, consisting of β-1,4-linked glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose) and minor amounts of N-acetyl glucosamine. | [20,41] |
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) | | Extracted from fish eye and mussel | HA is a linear negatively charged polysaccharide constituted repeating monosaccharide unit of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid, which is linked together via alternating β-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. | [28] |
Alginate (Alg) | | Extracted from brown algae | Alg is a well-known linear anion polyelectrolyte polysaccharide consisting of β-D-Mannuronic acid (M units) and α-L-Guluronic acid (G units). | [29,53] |
Chondroitin sulfate | | Extracted from fish cartilage | Chondroitin sulfate composed of an alternating disaccharide units of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid, which joined together through β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds. | [30,37] |
Fucoidan | | Extracted from brown algae | Fucoidan derived from kelp is formed by the sulfated fucose linked by α-(1→3) glycosidic bonds, while the fucoidan derived from fucus and ascophyllum is linked by α-(1→3) and α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. | [68,84] |
Ulva | | Extracted from green algae | Ulva is dominated by repeating disaccharide units, where uronic acid, either D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid, or D-xylose is linked to L-rhamnose-3-sulfate through 1, 4-glycosidic bonds. | [37] |
Carrageenan (λ) Carrageenan (ι) Carrageenan (K) | | Extracted from red algae | Carrageenan is mainly formed by alternately connecting disaccharide units composed of α-(1→4)-D-galactopyranose or β-(1→3)-D-galactopyranose of substitution of sulfate groups. | [37] |
3.2.2. Grafting Polymer Chains onto Marine Polysaccharides
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DDS | Drug delivery system |
NDDS | Nano drug delivery system |
HA | Hyaluronic acid |
CS | Chitosan |
CSO | Chitosan oligomers |
Alg | Alginate |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
PEC | Polyelectrolyte complexation |
PTX | Paclitaxel |
EPR | Enhanced permeability and retention |
Dox | Doxorubicin |
ATRP | Atom transfer radical polymerization |
RAFT | Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization |
P(DMAEMA) | Poly((2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) |
PEI | Polyethylenimine |
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Sun, Y.; Ma, X.; Hu, H. Marine Polysaccharides as a Versatile Biomass for the Construction of Nano Drug Delivery Systems. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060345
Sun Y, Ma X, Hu H. Marine Polysaccharides as a Versatile Biomass for the Construction of Nano Drug Delivery Systems. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19(6):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060345
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Ying, Xiaoli Ma, and Hao Hu. 2021. "Marine Polysaccharides as a Versatile Biomass for the Construction of Nano Drug Delivery Systems" Marine Drugs 19, no. 6: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060345