Near-Infrared (NIR) Silver Sulfide (Ag2S) Semiconductor Photocatalyst Film for Degradation of Methylene Blue Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide/Urea (NaOH/urea) Aqueous Solution
2.3. Liquid Phase Rarefaction of Commercial Ag2S by Magnetic Stirring Technique
2.4. Synthesis of the Cellulose Film
2.4.1. Synthesis Cellulose Film (CF) and Cellulose Film/Commercial Ag2S (CF/comAg2S)
2.4.2. Synthesis of Cellulose Film/Synthesized Ag2S (CF/syntAg2S)
Sample Code | Molarity of AgNO3 | AgNO3 Solution | Thiourea Solution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AgNO3 | Water | NaOH | Thiourea | Urea | Water | ||
CF/syntAg2S1 | 0.1 M | 0.084 g | 5.0 mL | 1.6 g | 1.3 g | 1.6 g | 10.5 mL |
CF/syntAg2S2 | 0.3 M | 0.254 g | 5.0 mL | 1.6 g | 1.3 g | 1.6 g | 10.5 mL |
CF/syntAg2S3 | 0.5 M | 0.422 g | 5.0 mL | 1.6 g | 1.3 g | 1.6 g | 10.5 mL |
2.5. Photocatalytic Activity Test
2.6. Characterizations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Formation of Cellulose-Photocatalyst Film
3.2. Crystalline Phase Investigation of the Synthesized Ag2S powder
3.3. Crystal Structure and Phase Identification of Cellulose Film/Synthesized Ag2S (CF/syntAg2S)
3.4. Functional Group Analysis of CF/comAg2S and CF/syntAg2S
3.5. Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Methylene Blue Using the Cellulose/Ag2S Films
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Photocatalyst | Types of Wastewater | Energy Sources | Catalyst Dosage (g/L) | Maximum Photodegradation Efficiency | Time to Obtain Maximum Photodegradation (min.) | Total Power Consumed (kWh) | Operational Cost (USD/kg) b | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rutile TiO2 | Acetaldehyde | UV lamps (56 W) | 5.01 | 80 | 100 | not available | 127.13 | [64] |
GAC a–TiO2 | Livestock wastewater | UV lamps (56 W) | 6 | 100 | 6 | 0.524 | 0.68 | [65] |
V2O5–TiO2 | Methylene blue | UV lamps | 4.75 | 92 | 120 | 1 | 8.7205 | [66] |
TiO2/O3 | Tert-butyl alcohol | UVA lamps (15W) | not available | 75 | 10 | 37 | not available | [67] |
Cellulose/Ag2S | Methylene blue | Solar energy | 7 | 100 | 120 | 0 | 0 | Current study |
Sample Code | Ag2S Mass (Gram) | Volume of Distilled Water (mL) |
---|---|---|
CF/comAg2S1 | 0.075 | 6.0 |
CF/comAg2S2 | 0.100 | 6.0 |
CF/comAg2S3 | 0.300 | 6.0 |
Sample Code | Index Miller Cellulose | Index Miller Ag2S | Crystallite Size (Å) | Degree of Crystallinity (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2θ Stnd. | 2θ Ob. | 2θ Stnd. | 2θ Ob. | 2θ Stnd. | 2θ Ob. | 2θ Stnd. | 2θ Ob. | |||
CF/syntAg2S1 | 22.78 | 22.76 | 31.56 | - | 34.50 | 34.44 | 36.92 | 37.18 | 221 | 47.93 |
CF/syntAg2S2 | 22.78 | 22.30 | 31.56 | 31.18 | 34.50 | 33.99 | 36.92 | 36.47 | 188 | 76.76 |
CF/syntAg2S3 | 22.78 | 22.78 | 31.56 | 31.48 | 34.50 | 34.49 | 36.92 | 36.99 | 174 | 37.75 |
Exposure Time (Min) | Degradation Ratio (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Exposure | Ag2S Powder | Pristine Cellulose | With Exposure | |||
CF/comAg2S | CF/syntAg2S | CF/comAg2S2 | CF/syntAg2S1 | |||
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 3.59 | 0.66 | 19.78 | 44.14 | 30.99 | 31.49 |
10 | 5.97 | 1.60 | 23.37 | 53.09 | 40.77 | 44.42 |
15 | 7.84 | 3.09 | 26.85 | 63.43 | 52.10 | 71.71 |
20 | 10.44 | 4.31 | 30.22 | 71.10 | 58.56 | 83.54 |
25 | 12.21 | 5.64 | 32.82 | 75.91 | 64.92 | 86.69 |
30 | 14.42 | 6.46 | 34.53 | 81.66 | 69.78 | 89.45 |
60 | 22.76 | 12.43 | 39.39 | 90.88 | 98.95 | 93.98 |
90 | 27.40 | 16.24 | 45.41 | 94.92 | 99.01 | 97.29 |
120 | 29.78 | 21.60 | 48.18 | 96.19 | 100 | 98.56 |
150 | 31.33 | 25.03 | 52.98 | 99.56 | 100 | 99.78 |
180 | 31.93 | 28.18 | 54.92 | 99.56 | 100 | 99.78 |
210 | 32.32 | 30.17 | 59.28 | 99.83 | 100 | 100 |
240 | 32.49 | 33.81 | 62.49 | 99.97 | 100 | 100 |
270 | 32.71 | 34.75 | 66.74 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
300 | 33.04 | 35.08 | 75.03 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
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Mubarokah, Z.R.; Mahmed, N.; Norizan, M.N.; Mohamad, I.S.; Abdullah, M.M.A.B.; Błoch, K.; Nabiałek, M.; Baltatu, M.S.; Sandu, A.V.; Vizureanu, P. Near-Infrared (NIR) Silver Sulfide (Ag2S) Semiconductor Photocatalyst Film for Degradation of Methylene Blue Solution. Materials 2023, 16, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010437
Mubarokah ZR, Mahmed N, Norizan MN, Mohamad IS, Abdullah MMAB, Błoch K, Nabiałek M, Baltatu MS, Sandu AV, Vizureanu P. Near-Infrared (NIR) Silver Sulfide (Ag2S) Semiconductor Photocatalyst Film for Degradation of Methylene Blue Solution. Materials. 2023; 16(1):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010437
Chicago/Turabian StyleMubarokah, Zahrah Ramadlan, Norsuria Mahmed, Mohd Natashah Norizan, Ili Salwani Mohamad, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Katarzyna Błoch, Marcin Nabiałek, Madalina Simona Baltatu, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Petrica Vizureanu. 2023. "Near-Infrared (NIR) Silver Sulfide (Ag2S) Semiconductor Photocatalyst Film for Degradation of Methylene Blue Solution" Materials 16, no. 1: 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010437