The Effect of B4C Powder on Properties of the WAAM 2319 Al Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
3. Results
3.1. Formation of Deposited Layer
3.2. Microstructure Morphology
3.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Melting Rate on Forming Accuracy
4.2. Effect of B4C Powder on Microstructure
4.3. Effect of B4C Powder on Mechanical Properties
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- As the melting rate increases, the heat input gradually decreases, and the deposited aluminum alloy is formed with the highest accuracy at a deposition rate of 140 mm/min. The microstructure consists mainly of columnar crystals with only a small number of equiaxial crystals when the melting rate is small, and mainly of fine equiaxial crystals when the melting rate is large.
- (2)
- At a deposition rate of 140 mm/min and the addition of uniformly fine B4C powder, the B4C powder appeared in the microstructure of the deposited aluminum alloy. The grain size is reduced, and the microhardness and mechanical properties of the de-posited aluminum alloy are significantly improved, and there is anisotropy between the mechanical properties in the transverse and longitudinal directions, with better mechanical properties in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction.
- (3)
- B4C powder makes the grain size of the microstructure of the deposited layer smaller. As the grain size on the deposited layer becomes smaller, the mechanical properties of the deposited layer are obviously raised. Compared with the manufacturing without B4C, the microhardness, horizontal tensile strength, horizontal elongation, vertical tensile strength and vertical elongation of the deposited alloy are increased by 12.53%, 23.98%, 37.27%, 26.44% and 42.95% respectively.
- (4)
- The fracture mode is a mixture of destructive fracture and ductile fracture for different parameters, and the strengthening mechanism of B4C powder on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy additive manufacturing is also revealed to be conducive to enhancing fine grain and precipitation phase.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Cu | Mg | Mn | Zr | Ti | V | Zn | Fe | Si | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2319 | 6.30 | ≤0.02 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.30 | ≤0.20 | Del. |
1060 | 0.05 | ≤0.03 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.05 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.35 | ≤0.25 | Del. |
Number | Melting Current (A) | Duty Cycle (%) | Pulse Frequency (Hz) | Melting Speed (mm/min) | Shield Gas Flow Rate (L/min) | Powder Injection Rate (g/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 80 | 50 | 3 | 120 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 80 | 50 | 3 | 130 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 80 | 50 | 3 | 140 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 80 | 50 | 3 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 80 | 50 | 3 | 140 | 20 | 25 |
Spot | Al | Cu | Possible Material Phase Composition |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 98.26 | 1.74 | α-Al |
2 | 80.21 | 19.79 | α-Al and θ-Al2Cu |
3 | 59.65 | 40.35 | α-Al and θ-Al2Cu |
4 | 63.35 | 36.65 | α-Al and θ-Al2Cu |
Spot | Al | Cu | C | B | Possible Material Phase Composition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 97.86 | 1.80 | 0 | 0.34 | α-Al |
2 | 72.23 | 27.36 | 0 | 0.41 | α-Al and θ-Al2Cu |
3 | 0.51 | 0 | 30.56 | 68.53 | B4C |
4 | 68.55 | 31.25 | 0 | 0.20 | α-Al and θ-Al2Cu |
Melting Rate (mm/min) | Direction | Tensile Strength/MPa | Elongation/% |
---|---|---|---|
120 | Horizontal | 179.60 | 5.89 |
130 | Horizontal | 200.31 | 6.94 |
140 | Horizontal | 230.56 | 7.46 |
150 | Horizontal | 228.25 | 6.91 |
140-B4C particle | Horizontal | 285.84 | 10.24 |
120 | Vertical | 168.55 | 3.72 |
130 | Vertical | 193.36 | 3.39 |
140 | Vertical | 214.25 | 4.40 |
150 | Vertical | 219.23 | 4.02 |
140- B4C particle | Vertical | 270.90 | 6.29 |
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Song, X.; Niu, J.; Huang, J.; Fan, D.; Yu, S.; Ma, Y.; Yu, X. The Effect of B4C Powder on Properties of the WAAM 2319 Al Alloy. Materials 2023, 16, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010436
Song X, Niu J, Huang J, Fan D, Yu S, Ma Y, Yu X. The Effect of B4C Powder on Properties of the WAAM 2319 Al Alloy. Materials. 2023; 16(1):436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010436
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Xueping, Jinke Niu, Jiankang Huang, Ding Fan, Shurong Yu, Yuanjun Ma, and Xiaoquan Yu. 2023. "The Effect of B4C Powder on Properties of the WAAM 2319 Al Alloy" Materials 16, no. 1: 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010436