Functioning of Heat Accumulating Composites of Carbon Recyclate and Phase Change Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Apparatus Used in the Research
2.1.1. Materials
- RT 28 phase change material, manufactured by Rubiterm Gmbh, Berlin, Germany;
- Water dispersion of vinyl acetate and alkyl acrylates, produced by Synthos, Oświęcim, Poland;
- Warbonrecycler from the Jastrzębska Coal Company Koks, Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland.
2.1.2. Apparatus
- Espec climatic chamber with temperature modulation function;
- COMET MS-6D| MS6R recorder(Comet Electronics, Roznov pod Radhostem, Czech Republic);
- FLIR 7i thermal imaging camera(Flir systems, Meer, Belgium);
- FQA020 C heat flux density sensors (measurement error ± 2%, (Ahlborn, Holzkirchen, Germany);
- PT1000 temperature sensor (measurement error ± 0.3 °C, (Ahlborn, Holzkirchen, Germany);
- MIRA3 scanning microscope by Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic);
- Due X detector (EDS) by Oxford Instrument, Abingdon, Great Britain).
2.2. Description of Empirical Research
2.2.1. Properties and Application of Recycled Material
2.2.2. SEM Research Methodology
2.3. Description of the Statistical Analysis
- Heating intensity of the PCM package;
- Initial temperature of the PCM package;
- Shape and dimensions of the PCM package.
- Assumptions of the proper form of the approximating equation;
- Possible omission of a quantity important for the object’s function;
- Correctness of the adopted range of input variables.
2.3.1. Research Position
2.3.2. Preparation of Experimental Samples
2.3.3. Model Adequacy Assessment
- Maximum absolute approximation error;
- Maximum relative error;
- Mean square error.
3. Results
3.1. SEM/EDS Analysis Results
3.2. The Results of Empirical Research
3.3. Statistical Analysis Results
3.4. Verification of the Obtained Approximating Functions
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbol | Name | Unit |
df | Degrees of freedom | (-) |
SS | Variance | (-) |
F | Statistic value | (-) |
b* | Coefficient informing about the contribution of a given variable to the prediction | (-) |
p | Significance level | (-) |
MS | Pure mistake | (-) |
R2 | Coefficient of determination | (-) |
f1, f2 | Degrees of freedom | (-) |
THeat | Heating temperature | (°C) |
TInitial | Initial temperature | (°C) |
Gf | Geometric factor | (-) |
ηD | Eficiency of heat dystrybution | (-) |
α | The length of the interstellar ray | (-) |
Adequacy variance | (-) | |
Variance of inaccuracy | (-) | |
PCM | Phase change materials | (-) |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy | (-) |
EDS | due X energy dispersion microscope | (-) |
number of systems in the plan core | (-) | |
number of systems of the stellar points | (-) | |
number of repetitions of the experiments | (-) | |
Tp | sample temperature | (°C) |
Tl | melting point | (°C) |
Cw.s | specific heat of solid PCM | (J/g · K) |
AP | side surface of the PCM package | (m2) |
qrej | heat flux density passing through the PCM package | (W/m2) |
ml | mass of molten PCM | (g) |
ΔHE.rej | value of the melting/solidification enthalpy of PCM. | (J/g) |
ΔTE | theoretical temperature increase of PCM sample | (°C) |
ΔHT | PCM melting/solidification enthalpy value | (J/g) |
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Input Quantity | Output Quantities |
---|---|
Heating temperature [25; 60] | Eficiency of heat distribution [;] |
Initial temperature [5; 18] | |
Geometric factor [1.00; 1.25] |
Input Quantity | Range of Variation of the Input Quantity | Middle of the Range of the Input Variable |
---|---|---|
Heating temperature [°C] | THeat.min < THeat < THeat.max | (25, 42.5, 60) |
Initial temperature [°C] | TInitial.min < TInitial < TInitial.max | (5, 13, 18) |
Geometric factor [–] | Gf.min < Gf < Gf.max | (1.00; 1.04; 1.25) |
Function | Formula |
---|---|
ηD = f (THeating, Gf) | 24.176 + 0.030 · TH − 1.575 · 10−3 · TH2− 40.290 · Gf + 17.429 · Gf2 − 0.438 |
ηD = f (THeating, TInitial) | 24.176 + 0.030 · TH + 1.575 · 10−3 · TH2 − 0.036 · TI− 23.189 |
ηD = f (Gf, THeating) | 24.176 + 0.030 · Gf − 1.575 · 10−3 · Gf2 − 40.290 · Gf + 17.429 · TH2 − 0.438 |
ηD = f (Gf, TInitial) | 24.176 − 40.290 · Gf − 17.429 · Gf2− 0.356 · TI+ − 0.993 |
ηD = f (TInitial, THeating) | 24.176 + 0.030 · TI + 1.575 · 10−3 · TI2 − 0.036 · TH− 23.189 |
ηD = f (TInitial, Gf) | 24.176 − 40.290 · TI + 17.429 · TI2 − 0.356 · Gf+ − 0.993 |
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Musiał, M.; Pękala, A. Functioning of Heat Accumulating Composites of Carbon Recyclate and Phase Change Material. Materials 2022, 15, 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062331
Musiał M, Pękala A. Functioning of Heat Accumulating Composites of Carbon Recyclate and Phase Change Material. Materials. 2022; 15(6):2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062331
Chicago/Turabian StyleMusiał, Michał, and Agnieszka Pękala. 2022. "Functioning of Heat Accumulating Composites of Carbon Recyclate and Phase Change Material" Materials 15, no. 6: 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062331