Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Beneficial Aspects of Rhizosphere-Resident PGPF
2.1. Production of Phytohormones
2.2. Plant Growth Promotion
2.3. Mineralization of Soil Nutrients
2.4. Resistance against Stressors
2.4.1. Antagonism
2.4.2. Induction of Resistance
2.4.3. Morphological and Histochemical Defense
2.4.4. Biochemical Defense
2.4.5. Defense Signaling
2.4.6. PGPF in Abiotic Stress Improvement
2.5. PGPF as a Source of Alternatives
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PGPF | Plant Growth Promoting Fungi |
ISR | Induction of Systemic Resistance |
SAR | Systemic Acquired Resistance |
JA | Jasmonic acid |
ET | Ethylene |
GLU | Glucanase |
CHI | Chitinase |
IAA | Indole acetic acid |
GA | Gibberellic acid |
TCP | Tri-calcium phosphate |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia lyase |
PPO | Polyphenol oxidase |
POD | Peroxidase |
CAT | Catalase |
SOD | Superoxide Dismutase |
APX | Ascorbate Peroxidase |
POX | Peroxidase |
LOX | Lipoxygenase |
SA | Salicylic acid |
GAB | Gibberellin related molecule |
RNO | Reactive Nitrogen Species |
HR | Hypersensitive Reaction |
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PGPF | Plant | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
R. nigricans, F. roseum | Solanum lycopersicum | Enhanced shoot dry weight | [56] |
T. harzianum, T. koningii | Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana tabacum | Enhanced dry weight and improved seed germination | [57] |
T. ciride | Solanum lycopersicum | Maximized plant height | |
T. harzianum | Vinca minor | Improved flowering, weight and height of the plant | [58] |
Sterile dark fungus (SDF) | T. aestivum | Increased shoot dry weight | [59] |
Penicillium simplicissimum (GP17-2) | Cucumis sativus | Increased root and shoot growth | [4] |
T. harzianum (T22) | Zea mays | Increased shoot growth, root area and root size | [60] |
A. niger | B. chinensis | Increased plant dry weight and N, P content | [61] |
Penicillium sp. | Triticum aestivum | Solubilized phosphate | [62] |
Penicillium janthinellum and Penicillium simplicissimum | Arabidopsis thaliana | Elevated shoot biomass and leaf number | [63] |
Fusarium equiseti (GF19-1) | Lycopersicon lycopersicum | Increased plant biomass with more root and shoot growth | [64] |
Penicillium citrinum | Suaeda japonica | Increased root and shoot length | [65] |
Trichoderma virens | Arabidopsis thaliana | Improved biomass and lateral roots development with the production of IAA | [66] |
Trichoderma harzianum (GT3-2) | Cucumis sativus | Increased root and shoot growth | [67] |
Phoma herbarum and Aspergillus fumigatus | Glycine max | Increased plant height and plant biomass. Maximized shoot growth, leaf area and chlorophyll content | [68] |
Trichoderma viride | Saccharum officinarum | Improved crop yield | [69] |
Fusarium equiseti | Spinacia oleracea | Improved overall plant biomass by maximizing root and shoot growth | [70] |
Trichoderma viride | Gossypium arboreum | Increased root, shoot length and plant dry weight | [71] |
Fusarium equiseti (GF19-1) | Cucumis sativus | Increased root and shoot growth | [72] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Cucumis melo | Induced early seed germination and increased seedling vigor | [73] |
Fusarium oxysporum(MSA-35) | Lactuca sativus | Increased root and shoot growth with high chlorophyll content | [74] |
Penicillium simplicissimum | A. thaliana and N. tabacum | Maximized shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number | [75] |
Trichoderma spp. | Lycopersicon lycopersicum | Increased dry matter biomass and improved overall plant growth | [76] |
Trichoderma harzianum(T-22) | Prunus cerasus × P. canescens | Increased root growth and development | [77] |
Sphaerodes mycoparasitica | Triticum aestivum | Increased seed germination and seedling vigour | [78] |
T. harzianum (T-75) | Cicer arietinum | Increased crop yield | [79] |
Alternaria sp., Phomopsis sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Phoma sp., Aspergillus sp. and | Nicotiana tabacum | Improved overall plant growth biomass by maximizing the root and shoot growth and high chlorophyll, soluble sugar content | [80] |
Trichoderma sp. | Phaseolus vulgaris | Positive for plant growth promoting traits, i.e., phosphate, siderophore, HCN and Ammonia | [81] |
Trichoderma longibrachiatum | Triticum aestivum | Increased plant height, root length, shoot fresh and dry weights. Increased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. | [82] |
Trichoderma sp. | Lycopersicon esculentum | Produced IAA, siderophore, HCN, ammonia and solubilized phosphate | [83] |
Penicillium spp. GP16-2 | N. tabacum | Enhanced shoot fresh, dry weight and increased the leaf number | [84] |
Aspergillus terreus JF27 | Lycopersicon esculentum | Enhanced fresh weight and shoot length | [85] |
Alternaria sp. | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Enhanced fresh weight and dry weight | [86] |
T. harzianum | Lycopersicon esculentum | Increased root and shoot growth. Maximized leaf area and vigour of tomato seedlings. Elicited the production of IAA and GA. | [87] |
T. viride and T. harzianum | Citrullus lanatus | Increased the number of leaves, leaf dry weight, stem length and the number of branches. Enhanced chlorophyll content and N, P, K uptake. Also enhanced the fruit number, seeds number, fruit weight and dry weight. | [49] |
Phoma sp.GS 8-3, Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, Fusarium equiseti GF18-3 and Penicillium simplicissmum GP17-2 | Allium cepa | Enhanced the plant height, root length, bulb perimeter and plant dry weight. | [88] |
PGPF | Plant | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
C. cucumerinum and F. roseum | S. tuberosum | Increased lignin deposition | [194] |
Trichoderma harzianum (T-203) | Cucumis sativus | Enhanced callose deposition | [153] |
F. oxysporum | Lycopersicon esculentum | Induced resistance by reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt disease | [195] |
F. oxysporum | Asparagus officinalis Lycopersicon esculentum | Exhibited HR response, increased defense related enzymes activity PO, PAL, lignin content and reduced the disease severity upon pathogen infection | [196] |
Pectobacterium atrosepticum and P. infestans | Solanum tuberosum | Elicitors obtained from the culture filtrates induced high levels of phenolic compound and PAL enzyme activity | [197] |
Trichoderma sp., | Cucumis sativus, Arabidopsis thaliana. | Triggered SA and JA/ET pathways in eliciting defense in plants | [198] |
Penicillium spp. | P. glaucaum | Enhanced protection against downy mildew pathogen | [25] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Cucumis sativus and Arabidopsis thaliana | Induced systemic resistance in cucumber and A. thaliana with defense related genes expression | [164] |
Phoma sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. | Lycopersicon esculentum | Enhanced protection by reduction of disease against R. solanacearum with increasing the activity of defense related enzymes PAL, POX and GLU activities | [32] |
Penicillium simplicissimum | Cucumis sativus | Induced protection against anthracnose disease showing a reduction in the lesion number and lesion diameter. Elevated the activity of exo-glucanase, exo-chitinase, PO and PPO | [171] |
Phoma spp. | Cucumis sativus | Induced resistance by increasing the chitinase activity upon infection with Colletotrichum orbiculare | [180] |
T. harzianum | Arabidopsis thaliana | Elicited callose deposition in the roots of seedlings | [168] |
Trichoderma viride | Cajanus cajan, Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo | Elevated the levels of ROS and increased the levels of PO, PPO and PAL activities. Maximized SOD, CAT, AOX activities and total phenolics. Reduce the severity of diseases against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata | [177] |
Phoma sp. and non-sporulating fungus | Cucumis sativus | Induced protection against anthracnose disease under pot and field conditions. Inhibited the germination of C. orbiculare pathogen. Elevated the formation of lignin and expression of PAL, PO, PPO, GLU and CHI activities upon pathogen infection | [172] |
Penicillium spp. GP16-2 | N. tabacum | Decreased disease severity of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) in tobacco plants | [75] |
Trichoderma spp., T. viride, T. harzianum | Lycopersicon esculentum | Antagonize the growth of A. solani (early blight pathogen) with a reduction in the percent disease index | [199] |
Rhizoctonia sp. | Cucumis sativus | Induced systemic resistance against C. orbiculare by reducing the total lesion number and total lesion diameter along with increasing the activity of POX enzyme | [173] |
A. niger | Glycine max | Triggered callose deposition in leaves and roots upon infection with Heterodera glycines | [200] |
PGPF | Plant | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Trichoderma harzianum (1295-22) | Zea mays | Mitigated oxidative stress caused by sodium hypochlorite and lipid peroxidation in sweet corn | [233] |
Trichoderma harzianum (T-22) | Lycopersicon lycopersicum | Improved seed germination under stress | [35] |
Exophiala sp. LHL08 | Cucumis sativus | Improved growth under salinity and drought stresses | [234] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Lycopersicon esculentum | Increased plant growth biomass and Induced resistance to water deficit. Enhanced APX, CAT and SOD activity. Improved the ability of plants damage caused by ROS | [235] |
Trichoderma harrzianum and Fusarium pallidoroseum | Oryza sativa | Higher biomass production and increased induction of SOD, CAT and POD | [236] |
Trichoderma hamatum | Ochradenus baccatus | Alleviated abiotic salt stress by improving plant growth and antioxidant defense enzyme activity | [237] |
Penicillium sp. | Sesamum indicum | Increased root and shoot length, maximized fresh and dry weight of seedlings under salt stress. Increased amino acid, chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll content. Also enhanced protein and nitrogen content. Induced protection against Fusarium wilt disease | [206] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Brassica juncea | Mitigated NaCl stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense machinery. Improved shoot, root length and plant dry weight | [211] |
Trichoderma longibrachiatum | Triticum aestivum | Increased the tolerance of plants to salt stress by SOD, POD, CAT gene expression | [82] |
Trichoderma atroviride | Zea mays | Ameliorated drought stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense in plant seedlings | [210] |
Trichoderma harzianum | Cucumis sativus | Improved defense by alleviated oxidative and nitro-stative stress by minimizing ROS production and RNO species production upon infection with F. oxysporum by enhancing the antioxidant potential | [238] |
Talaromyces sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., etc. | Oryza sativa | Improved the growth of plants and antioxidant capability, also, to increase in proline and soluble sugar content | [239] |
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Murali, M.; Naziya, B.; Ansari, M.A.; Alomary, M.N.; AlYahya, S.; Almatroudi, A.; Thriveni, M.C.; Gowtham, H.G.; Singh, S.B.; Aiyaz, M.; et al. Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040314
Murali M, Naziya B, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, AlYahya S, Almatroudi A, Thriveni MC, Gowtham HG, Singh SB, Aiyaz M, et al. Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(4):314. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040314
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurali, Mahadevamurthy, Banu Naziya, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Mohammad N. Alomary, Sami AlYahya, Ahmad Almatroudi, M. C. Thriveni, Hittanahallikoppal Gajendramurthy Gowtham, Sudarshana Brijesh Singh, Mohammed Aiyaz, and et al. 2021. "Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4: 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040314