The Usefulness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management during Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aims
3. Methods
3.1. Study Design
3.2. Participants and Setting
3.3. Intervention
3.4. Outcome Measurements
3.4.1. Socio-Demographic Information
3.4.2. Primary Outcomes
Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS)
Vital Signs
3.4.3. Secondary Outcomes
Patient-Reported Data on VR Intervention
3.5. Data Collection
3.6. Data Analysis
3.7. Ethical Considerations
4. Results
4.1. Participants Characteristics
4.2. Primary Outcomes
4.2.1. Impact of Immersive VR on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale
4.2.2. Effects of VR on Vital Signs
4.3. Secondary Outcomes: Feasibility, Adherence, Perceived Chemotherapy Duration, and Safety
5. Discussion
Limitations
6. Implications for Clinical Practice
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Variables | Virtual Reality Group (n = 55) | Control (n = 45) | Total (n = 100) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.058 | |||
Mean (SD) | 67.4 (7.3) | 67.2 (8.5) | 67.3 (7.8) | |
Median | 66 | 68 | 67 | |
Minimum | 53 | 49 | 49 | |
Maximum | 81 | 81 | 81 | |
Civil Status n. (%) | 1.517 | |||
Single | 1 (1.8) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (2.0) | |
Married | 37 (67.3) | 30 (66.7) | 67 (67) | |
Cohabitant | 2 (3.6) | 4 (8.9) | 6 (6.0) | |
Separated or divorced | 8 (14.5) | 6 (13.3) | 14 (14.0) | |
Widower | 7 (12.7) | 4 (8.9) | 11 (11.0) | |
Living with n. (%) | 0.192 | |||
Alone | 8 (14.5) | 8 (17.8) | 16 (16.0) | |
With others | 47 (85.5) | 37 (82.2) | 84 (84.0) | |
Provenience n. (%) | 0.278 | |||
Rome | 29 (55.8) | 23 (52.3) | 52 (54.2) | |
Same Region | 14 (26.9) | 14 (31.8) | 28 (29.2) | |
Outside Region | 9 (17.3) | 7 (15.9) | 16 (16.7) | |
Education n. (%) | 4.314 | |||
Illiterate | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
Primary School | 8 (14.5) | 7 (15.9) | 15 (15.2) | |
Secondary School | 15 (27.3) | 12 (27.3) | 27 (27.3) | |
High School | 29 (52.7) | 12 (43.2) | 48 (48.5) | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 2 (3.6) | 6 (13.6) | 8 (8.1) | |
Employment n. (%) | 0.921 | |||
Unemployed | 5 (9.3) | 3 (6.8) | 8 (8.2) | |
Self-employed | 5 (9.3) | 3 (6.8) | 8 (8.2) | |
Employee | 5 (9.3) | 5 (11.4) | 10 (10.2) | |
Retired | 37 (68.5) | 30 (68.2) | 67 (68.4) | |
Other | 2 (3.7) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (5.1) | |
Posted by n. (%) | 4.027 | |||
General Practitioner | 4 (7.3) | 0(0.0) | 4 (4.3) | |
Specialist | 45 (81.8) | 36 (94.7) | 81 (87.1) | |
Other | 55 (10.9) | 38 (5.3) | 93 (8.6) | |
Onset of pain n. (%) | 0.087 | |||
No pain | 36 (65.5) | 30 (66.7) | 66 (66.0) | |
<3 months | 8 (14.5) | 7 (15.6) | 15 (15.0) | |
>3 months | 11 (20.0) | 8 (17.8) | 19 (19.0) | |
Type of pain n. (%) | 1.678 | |||
Continuous pain | 10 (18.2) | 8 (17.8) | 18 (18.0) | |
Intermittent pain | 6 (10.9) | 7 (15.6) | 13 (13.0) | |
Other | 4 (7.3) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (5.0) |
Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale Results | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables Pre-Chemotherapy | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p-Value | Variables Post-Chemotherapy | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p-Value |
Pain (NRS) | VR | 55 | 1.60 | 2.705 | 0.69 | Pain (NRS) | VR | 53 | 1.11 | 1.948 | 0.26 |
control | 45 | 1.82 | 2.847 | control | 45 | 1.67 | 2.900 | ||||
Tiredness (NRS) | VR | 55 | 3.73 | 2.990 | 0.73 | Tiredness (NRS) | VR | 53 | 2.83 | 3.155 | 0.71 |
control | 45 | 3.51 | 3.210 | control | 45 | 3.07 | 3.179 | ||||
Nausea (NRS) | VR | 55 | 0.93 | 2.053 | 0.42 | Nausea (NRS) | VR | 53 | 0.49 | 1.339 | 0.39 |
control | 45 | 0.62 | 1.585 | control | 45 | 0.76 | 1.694 | ||||
Depression (NRS) | VR | 55 | 2.51 | 3.231 | 0.86 | Depression (NRS) | VR | 53 | 1.49 | 2.383 | 0.12 |
control | 45 | 2.40 | 3.018 | control | 45 | 2.36 | 3.098 | ||||
Anxiety (NRS) | VR | 55 | 2.93 | 3.399 | 0.82 | Anxiety (NRS) | VR | 53 | 2.68 | 3.221 | 0.84 |
control | 45 | 2.78 | 2.899 | control | 45 | 2.56 | 2.865 | ||||
Drowsiness (NRS) | VR | 55 | 1.93 | 2.441 | 0.24 | Drowsiness (NRS) | VR | 53 | 1.75 | 2.638 | 0.49 |
control | 45 | 2.56 | 2.833 | control | 45 | 2.11 | 2.525 | ||||
Appetite (NRS) | VR | 55 | 1.60 | 2.671 | 0.31 | Appetite (NRS) | VR | 53 | 1.04 | 1.839 | 0.08 |
control | 45 | 2.18 | 3.040 | control | 45 | 1.87 | 2.793 | ||||
Feeling of well-being (NRS) | VR | 55 | 2.64 | 3.081 | 0.95 | Feeling of well-being (NRS) | VR | 53 | 1.51 | 2.628 | 0.23 |
control | 45 | 2.60 | 2.957 | control | 45 | 2.18 | 2.847 | ||||
Shortness of breath (NRS) | VR | 55 | 2.31 | 2.860 | 0.40 | Shortness of breath (NRS) | VR | 53 | 2.45 | 3.226 | 0.73 |
control | 45 | 2.82 | 3.249 | control | 45 | 2.69 | 3.377 |
Vital Parameter Results | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables Pre-Chemotherapy | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p-Value | Variables Post Chemotherapy | Groups | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | p-Value |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | VR | 54 | 124.57 | 21.744 | 0.67 | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | VR | 53 | 126.04 | 12.340 | 0.88 |
control | 45 | 123.02 | 12.636 | control | 45 | 125.67 | 12.995 | ||||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | VR | 54 | 72.69 | 7.753 | 0.07 | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | VR | 53 | 73.49 | 7.311 | 0.27 |
control | 45 | 69.76 | 8.060 | control | 45 | 71.73 | 8.256 | ||||
Cardiac frequency (n/min) | VR | 54 | 78.52 | 11.118 | 0.64 | Cardiac frequency (n/min) | VR | 53 | 77.43 | 10.300 | 0.68 |
control | 45 | 79.64 | 12.851 | control | 45 | 76.51 | 11.555 | ||||
Respiratory frequency (n/min) | VR | 54 | 13.22 | 2.567 | 0.86 | Respiratory frequency (n/min) | VR | 52 | 13.04 | 2.275 | 0.20 |
control | 44 | 13.32 | 2.963 | control | 44 | 13.77 | 3.333 | ||||
Body temperature (°Celsius) | VR | 54 | 36.143 | .2124 | 0.66 | Body temperature (°Celsius) | VR | 53 | 36.108 | .2716 | 0.87 |
control | 45 | 36.162 | .2229 | control | 45 | 36.116 | .1930 | ||||
Oxygen saturation (%) | VR | 54 | 97.00 | 1.427 | 0.02 | Oxygen saturation (%) | VR | 53 | 97.19 | 1.241 | 0.08 |
control | 45 | 96.22 | 1.820 | control | 45 | 96.64 | 1.786 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mitello, L.; Marti, F.; Mauro, L.; Siano, L.; Pucci, A.; Tarantino, C.; Rocco, G.; Stievano, A.; Iacorossi, L.; Anastasi, G.; et al. The Usefulness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management during Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4374. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154374
Mitello L, Marti F, Mauro L, Siano L, Pucci A, Tarantino C, Rocco G, Stievano A, Iacorossi L, Anastasi G, et al. The Usefulness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management during Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(15):4374. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154374
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitello, Lucia, Flavio Marti, Lucia Mauro, Ludovica Siano, Antonello Pucci, Concetta Tarantino, Gennaro Rocco, Alessandro Stievano, Laura Iacorossi, Giuliano Anastasi, and et al. 2024. "The Usefulness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management during Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4374. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154374