Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Study Design
2.2. Echocardiographic Assessment
2.3. Exercise Training Protocols
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall Population (n = 95) | Aerobic (n = 40) | Concurrent (n = 55) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 63.1 ± 6 | 62.6 ± 6 | 63.7 ± 2 |
BMI, Kg/m2 | 27.6 | 27.8 ± 2 | 27.2 ± 3 |
NYHA class II/III | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.8 |
Resting HR, bpm | 68.7 ± 13.4 | 66.9 ± 11.1 | 69.0 ± 17.2 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.3 ± 38.5 | 123.3 ± 38.5 | 123.3 ± 38.5 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 83.5 ± 11.8 | 85.6 ± 16.3 | 82.0 ± 14.1 |
Previous CABG/PCI | 43/68 | 19/30 | 24/38 |
Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | 72 | 30 | 42 |
Diabetes | 31 | 12 | 19 |
COPD | 16 | 6 | 10 |
Carotid artery disease | 28 | 11 | 17 |
History of smoke/active smoker | 71/9 | 30/5 | 41/4 |
Echocardiography | |||
LVDD, mm | 58.1 ± 5 | 58.6 ± 7 | 57.3 ± 8 |
LVSD, mm | 45.9 ± 4 | 45 ± 5 | 46 ± 5 |
Ejection fraction, % | 42.0 ± 9 | 42.6 ± 9 | 41.8 ± 12 |
TAPSE, mm | 21.3 ± 4 | 20.7 ± 7 | 22.0 ± 5 |
Treatment | |||
Beta-blockers | 83 | 35 | 48 |
ACE-i/ARBs | 76 | 32 | 44 |
Diuretics | 47 | 20 | 27 |
Aldosteron-antagonists | 67 | 28 | 39 |
Statins | 71 | 30 | 41 |
Sacubitril/valsartan | 12 | 4 | 8 |
Ivabradine | 7 | 2 | 5 |
Aerobic Training (AT) | Concurrent Training (CT) | Group Post-Training Magnitude of Difference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise Tolerance | Baseline | After | Baseline | After | Effect Size | Interpretation |
6MWT (m) | 435.4 ± 49.4 | 498.3 ± 52.1 * | 448.6 ± 42.7 | 558.4 ± 63.0 *,† | 0.13 | Moderate |
Exercise duration at exercise test (s) | 407.3 ± 49.4 | 441.9 ± 61.3 * | 402.5 ± 48.2 | 479.0 ± 55.7 *,‡ | 0.07 | Moderate |
Hemodynamic | ||||||
HR (bpm) | 66.9 ± 11.2 | 63.8 ± 16.2 * | 69.0 ± 17.2 | 64.2 ± 16.3 * | 0.002 | Trivial |
Peak HR (bpm) | 128.3 ± 31.0 | 134.5 ± 33.0 | 127.9 ± 24.0 | 137.2 ± 37.3 | NS | Trivial |
SBP (mmHg) | 123.3 ± 28.5 | 117.0 ± 26.1 * | 122.7 ± 28.7 | 113.0 ± 21.3 * | 0.003 | Trivial |
DBP (mmHg) | 83.5 ± 11.8 | 79.5 ± 9.2 ‡ | 82.0 ± 14.1 | 79.0 ± 7.4 ‡ | 0.002 | Trivial |
Aerobic Training (AT) | Concurrent Training (CT) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Echocardiography | Baseline | After | Baseline | After |
LVEDV (mL) | 164.3 ± 37.3 | 161.7 ± 48.5 | 162.6 ± 44.2 | 160 ± 39.7 |
LVESV (mL) | 74.1 ± 18.5 | 73.2 ± 13.9 | 73.9 ± 19.4 | 71.5 ± 17.3 |
LVEF (%) | 42.6 ± 9.2 | 43.0 ± 11.4 | 41.8 ± 12.3 | 42.7 ± 10.1 |
LV GLS (%) | −10.8 ± 2.1 | −11.6 ± 2.8 | −11.0 ± 1.9 | −11.9 ± 2.2 |
E/E’ | 7.5 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 2.4 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 9.2 ± 1.6 |
E (cm/s) | 69.0 ± 21.3 | 64.3 ± 24.1 | 69.5 ± 18.7 | 64.8 ± 15.6 |
A (cm/s) | 68.5 ± 16.8 | 68.3 ± 18.3 | 70.8 ± 19.5 | 71.1 ± 16.2 |
E’(cm/s) | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 9.5 ± 1.9 | 8.5 ± 1.4 |
TAPSE (mm) | 20.7 ± 7.0 | 20.4 ± 4.4 | 21.0 ± 5.8 | 21.5 ± 6.3 |
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Volterrani, M.; Caminiti, G.; Perrone, M.A.; Cerrito, A.; Franchini, A.; Manzi, V.; Iellamo, F. Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030750
Volterrani M, Caminiti G, Perrone MA, Cerrito A, Franchini A, Manzi V, Iellamo F. Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(3):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030750
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolterrani, Maurizio, Giuseppe Caminiti, Marco Alfonso Perrone, Anna Cerrito, Alessio Franchini, Vincenzo Manzi, and Ferdinando Iellamo. 2023. "Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030750