Physical and Physiological Monitoring on Red Palm Weevil-Infested Oil Palms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. RPW Rearing
2.2. E. Guineensis Infestation with RPW Larva
2.3. Plantling Growth Measurement
2.4. Photosynthetic Activity Analysis
2.5. Chlorophyll Content Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Symptoms of Infestation
3.2. Effect of RPW Infestation on Plant Growth Performance
3.3. Effect of RPW Infestation on Plant Photosynthesis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level | Figure 1 | Descriptions |
---|---|---|
1 (Early stage) | A, B |
|
2 (Intermediate I) | C, D |
|
3 (Intermediate II) | E, F, G |
|
4 (Final stage) | H, I |
|
Group | Day 1 | Week 1 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week6 | Week 8 | Week 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 4.19 ± 1.13 a | 3.66 ± 1.10 a | 7.44 ± 1.103 a | 4.362 ± 0.753 a | 2.583 ± 0.326 a | 3.724 ± 1.12 a | 2.48 ± 0.567 a |
Wounded | 3.083 ± 0.90 a | 5.122 ± 1.09 a | 4.97 ± 1.91 a,b | 4.057 ± 1.34 a | 2.25 ± 0.602 a | 3.687 ± 0.909 a | 3.265 ± 1.23 a |
Infested | 3.81 ± 1.27 a | 3.19 ± 1.54 a | 2.55 ± 1.408 b | 1.56 ± 0.754 b | 0.812 ± 0.418 b | 1.03 ± 0.79 b | 0.543 ± 0.618 b |
ANOVA F-value | 1.74 | 2.35 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 24.8 | 15.8 | 14.9 |
p-value | 0.290 | 0.130 | 2.08 × 10−4 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 1.77 × 10−5 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 2.74 × 10−4 |
Group | Day 1 | Week 1 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week6 | Week 8 | Week 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.053 ± 0.005 a | 0.0612 ± 0.0133 a | 0.0936 ± 0.0151 a | 0.0694 ± 0.02553 a | 0.0531 ± 0.0153 a | 0.0799 ± 0.0197 a | 0.029 ± 0.0128 a |
Wounded | 0.428 ± 0.233 a | 0.0591 ± 0.0293 a | 0.0828 ± 0.0359 a | 0.0689 ± 0.0418 a | 0.0195 ± 0.0220 a | 0.0699 ± 0.0427 a | 0.027 ± 0.0211 a |
Infested | 0.049 ± 0.189 a | 0.0582 ± 0.0365 a | 0.0480 ± 0.02577 a | 0.065 ± 0.469 a | 0.0325 ± 0.0192 a | 0.0319 ± 0.0284 a | 0.0130 ± 0.00106 a |
ANOVA F-value | 0.804 | 0.017 | 4.69 | 0.023 | 2.004 | 3.84 | 1.89 |
p-value | 0.466 | 0.983 | 0.066 | 0.977 | 0.169 | 0.065 | 0.186 |
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Harith-Fadzilah, N.; Haris-Hussain, M.; Abd Ghani, I.; Zakaria, A.; Amit, S.; Zainal, Z.; Azmi, W.A.; Jalinas, J.; Hassan, M. Physical and Physiological Monitoring on Red Palm Weevil-Infested Oil Palms. Insects 2020, 11, 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070407
Harith-Fadzilah N, Haris-Hussain M, Abd Ghani I, Zakaria A, Amit S, Zainal Z, Azmi WA, Jalinas J, Hassan M. Physical and Physiological Monitoring on Red Palm Weevil-Infested Oil Palms. Insects. 2020; 11(7):407. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070407
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarith-Fadzilah, Nazmi, Mohamad Haris-Hussain, Idris Abd Ghani, Azlina Zakaria, Samsudin Amit, Zamri Zainal, Wahizatul Afzan Azmi, Johari Jalinas, and Maizom Hassan. 2020. "Physical and Physiological Monitoring on Red Palm Weevil-Infested Oil Palms" Insects 11, no. 7: 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070407