Insights into the Preparation of and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effects of Phage-Based Hydrogels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Various Types of Hydrogels with Different Crosslinking Methods
2.1. Utilizing Physical Mechanisms for Crosslinking
2.2. Employing Chemical Agents for Crosslinking
Crosslinking Type | Polymer | Preparation Method | Advantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical crosslinking | Alnigate | Ionic crosslinking | Excellent biocompatibility, low viscosity | [20,30] |
PVA | Freezing and thawing | Biocompatible, film-forming ability, chemical stability | [31,32] | |
PCL-Col I nanofibers | Thermal gelation | Adjustable mechanical strength, highly hemostatic | [33] | |
HA/β-TCP | Ionic crosslinking | Similar in structure and composition to bone minerals | [34,35] | |
Eudragit® S100 and Alnigate | Physical crosslinking | Excellent compactness | [22,36] | |
PolyHIPE/Nanocellulose | Ionic crosslinking | / | [37] | |
PVA-SA | Ionic crosslinking | Strong hydrophilicity, painless removal | [31] | |
Agarose/HAMA | Thermal gelation | Thermal reversibility, low cell adhesion | [38] | |
PNIPAMco-ALA | Thermal gelation | Thermal reversibility, hardly degradable | [39] | |
HPMC | Thermal gelation | Thermal reversibility, biodegradability | [40,41,42] | |
QCS poly (xylitol sebacate)–APP | Freeze-thawing | Biodegradability Low toxicity, biocompatibility | [43] | |
Agarose | Physical crosslinking | Withstands acidic conditions, biodegradability | [44] | |
Chitosan | Ionic crosslinking | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity | [45] | |
Poloxamer P407 | Thermal gelation | Good bactericidal effect, thermo-reversible properties | [46] | |
Pluronic® F-127/HPMC | Thermal gelation | Thermal responsiveness, | [47] | |
Chemical crosslinking | PEG-polyurethane | Bulk polymerization | heat reactivity Anti-biological pollution, hardly degradable | [25,48,49,50] |
PEG-4MAL | Michael-type addition | Biodegradability | [24] | |
CS-NP | Coercavation method | / | [51] |
3. Enhancing Phage Hydrogel Therapy for Treating Infections Caused by a Range of Bacterial Strains
3.1. Phage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by E. coli
3.2. Bacteriophage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by S. aureus
3.3. Bacteriophage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by P. aeruginosa
3.4. Bacteriophage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by K. pneumoniae
3.5. Bacteriophage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by P. mirabilis
3.6. Bacteriophage Hydrogel Therapy for Infections Caused by A. baumannii
Strain | Phages | Polymer | Advantages | Preparation Method | Type of Infection | Antibacterial Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K. pneumoniae B5055 | Kpn5 | HPMC | Thermal reversibility, biodegradability | Thermal gelation | Burn wound infection | The survival rate was 63.33% for mice | [42] |
Carbapenem- resistant K. pneumoniae | Kpn5 | PVA-SA | Strong hydrophilicity | Ion crosslinking | Wound infection | Decreasing the biomass of K. pneumoniae by 6.37 log10 | [31] |
K. pneumoniae B5055 | Kpn5 | HPMC | Thermal reversibility, biodegradability | Thermal gelation | Burn wound infection | The survival rate was 66.66% for mice | [40,61] |
P. mirabilis | B4 | PVA-Eudragit® S 100 | Poor biodegradability, poor cell adhesion | Freezing and thawing | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing P. mirabilis biofilm by 6 log | [22] |
P. mirabilis | ΦPmir1/32/34/37 | PEG-polyurethane | Heat reactivity, anti-biological pollution, poor biodegradability | Bulk polymerization | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing the number of P. mirabilis in biofilm by >2 log10 CFU/cm2 | [25] |
P. mirabilis 13 HER1094 | T4 | PEGpolyurethane | Heat reactivity | Chemical crosslinking | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing P. mirabilis biofilm formation by 90% | [48] |
A. baumannii MDR-AB2 | IME-AB2 phage | P407 | Thermo-reversible properties | Physical crosslinking | Wound infection | Reducing A. baumannii >5 log10 CFU/mL, eliminating biofilm by 59% | [60] |
A. baumannii | AB140/50 | Chitosan | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity | Ionic crosslinking | Wound infection | Completely eliminating A. baumannii | [45] |
A. baumannii | Phage 53 | Poloxamer P407 | Thermo-reversible properties | Thermal gelation | Wound infection | Resulting A. baumannii by 3.62 log 10 | [46] |
A. baumannii | vB_AbaM-IME-AB2 | Pluronic® F-127/ HPMC | Thermal responsiveness | Thermal gelation | Wound infection | Killing 5.66 log of A. baumannii | [47] |
4. Novel Environmentally Responsive Hydrogel
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli DH5α | HZJ | Alnigate | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of gelation | Ion crosslinking | Wound infection | Reducing bacterial numbers by 59.3–68.5% | [52] |
E. coli O157:H7 | UFV-AREG1 | PVA | Biocompatibility, chemical stability | Freezing and thawing | Skin wound infection | Increasing bacterial inhibition zone | [53] |
E. coli XL-1 | T4 | PCL-Col I nanofibers | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, good flexibility | Thermal gelation | Wound infection | Improving antibacterial effect by 90% | [33] |
E. coli K12 | λvir | Hydroxyapatite/β-TCP | Osteoinduction, biodegradability | Ion crosslinking | Infection during bone reconstruction surgery | Enhancing the release of phages | [34,35] |
E. coli | ΦKAZ14 | CS-NP | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity | Coercavation | Alimentary infection | Providing strong protection against ΦKAZ14 phages | [51] |
E. coli EV36 | K1F | Eudragit® S100/ Alnigate | Dissoluble, excellent compactness | Physical crosslinking | Alimentary infection | / | [36] |
E. coli K-12 MG1655 | T7 | PolyHIPE/Nanocellulose | / | Ion crosslinking | Alimentary infection | Shielding phages in acidic conditions and releasing them in alkaline conditions | [37] |
E. coli ATCC 11303 | T4 Coli-proteus | PEG-polyurethane | Heat reactivity, anti-biological pollution | Chemical crosslinking | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing the biofilm formation by 90% | [48] |
E. coli O104:H4 | H4 | Alnigate | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of gelation | Ion crosslinking | Food pollution | Reducing E. coli count by 1.3 log10 CFU/g | [54] |
S. aureus Strain | Phage | Polymer | Advantages | Preparation Method | Type of Infection | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MRSA | MR10 | PVA-SA | Strong hydrophilicity | Chemical/ionic crosslinking | Burn wound infection | Decreasing bacteria number from 8 to 2 log10 CFU/mL | [31] |
S. aureus H560 | ΦK | Agarose/ HAMA | Thermal reversibility, low cell adhesion | Thermal gelation | Wound infection | Enhancing bacteria-killing capability | [38] |
S. aureus ST228 | ΦK | PNIPAMco-ALA | Thermal reversibility, not readily degradable | Thermal gelation | Skin and soft tissue infection | Effectively lysing S. aureus at 37 °C | [39] |
MRSA | MR5 MR10 | Liposomes | Biodegradable, does not elicit an immune response. | / | Wound infection | Reducing bacterial load by 4 log CFU/mL | [55] |
S. aureus ATCC 43300 | MR-5 | HPMC | Thermal reversibility, biodegradability | Thermal gelation | Orthopedic implant infection | No bacterial burden found on the wire | [41] |
S. aureus | Phage K | Alginate | Withstands acidic conditions, biodegradability | Ion crosslinking | Alimentary infection | Improving the survival of free phages | [20] |
S. aureus BCRC 13077 | 44AHJD | QCS/poly (xylitol sebacate)–co-APP | Biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility | Freeze–thawing | Food contamination | Releasing up to 60% of phage particles within 6 h | [43] |
S. aureus | Modified phage | Alginate | Biodegradability | Ion crosslinking | Bone-related infection | Reducing soft tissue infection | [30] |
S. aureus | Phage K | Agarose/ HAMA | Thermal reversibility, nondegradable, low cell adhesion | Thermal gelation | Bone-related infection | / | [56] |
P. aeruginosa Strain | Phage | Polymer | Advantages | Preparation Method | Type of Infection | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. aeruginosa | PS1 | HPCS | / | / | Wound infection | Reducing the bacterial count from 7 × 108 CFU/mL to 0 | [57] |
CRPA | vB_Pae_SMP1/SMP5 | CMC | Odorless, non-toxic | Chemical crosslinking | Burn wound infection | 100% survival rate for mice | [58] |
P. aeruginosa | KT28, KTN and LUZ19 | Agarose | Temperature response | Physical crosslinking | Wound infection | Effectively hindering biofilm formation | [44] |
P. aeruginosa | ΦPaer4/14/22 and ΦW2005A | PEG-4MAL | Biodegradability | Michael-type addition | Orthopedic implant infection | Reducing the CFU amount of bacteria by 16.9 times | [24] |
P. aeruginosa isolate (Paer09) | FJK, R9–30, KR3–15 | Alginate | Biocompatibiliy, biodegradability, hypotoxicity | Thermal gelation | Infection by fracture | Decreasing bacteria in the soft tissue by 6.5-fold | [59] |
P. aeruginosa | PA5 | PVA-SA | Strong hydrophilicity | Chemical/ionic crosslinking | Burn wound infection | Reducing P. aeruginosa biomass by 4.6 log10 | [31] |
P. aeruginosa | Phage cocktail | PEG-polyurethane | Heat reactivity, anti-biological pollution | Bulk polymerization | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing the number of P. aeruginosa biofilm by 4 log10 CFU/cm2 | [25] |
P. aeruginosa | M4 | PEG-polyurethane | Heat reactivity, Anti-biological pollution | Bulk polymerization | Urinary catheter infection | Reducing biofilm cells from 7.13 to 4.13 log10 CFU/cm2 | [49] |
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Gao, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhuang, H.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, N.; Teng, T. Insights into the Preparation of and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effects of Phage-Based Hydrogels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179472
Gao M, Wang Y, Zhuang H, Zhu Y, Chen N, Teng T. Insights into the Preparation of and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effects of Phage-Based Hydrogels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179472
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Mengyuan, Yuhan Wang, Hanyue Zhuang, Yanxia Zhu, Na Chen, and Tieshan Teng. 2024. "Insights into the Preparation of and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effects of Phage-Based Hydrogels" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179472