Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotic Mixture: Alleviating Colitis in a Mouse Model through Modulation of Cell Activation Markers and the Gut Microbiota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Probiotic Mixture on Colitis Mice
2.2. Analysis of TNF-α, IL-1β, Foxp3, and IL-10 after Administration of Probiotic Mixture to Colitis Mice
2.3. Identification of Butyric Acid and Lactic Acid in Bacterial Secretions
2.4. Modulation of DC Activation Markers by a Mixture of E. rectale and T. halophilus in 8-Week-Old Mice with DSS-Induced Colitis
2.5. Effects of E. rectale and T. halophilus Mixture on DC Activation Markers in 4-Week-Old Mice with DSS-Induced Colitis
2.6. Analysis of CD8+NK1.1+ Cell Frequencies in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice
2.7. Frequencies of CD11b+Ly6G+ Neutrophil Expression in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice
2.8. Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Probiotic Mixture in Colitis Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Management
4.2. Induction of Mouse Colitis Using DSS and Administration of Probiotic Mixture
4.3. Histopathological Analysis
4.4. Bacterial Culture
4.5. Metabolite Analysis of Probiotics Using Gas Chromatography-MS Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)
4.6. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
4.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
4.8. Flow Cytometric Analysis
4.9. Metagenomic Analysis of Microbial Communities through 16S rRNA Sequencing
4.10. Taxonomic Profiling, Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), Alpha and Beta Diversity Analysis
4.11. Electron Microscopy
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
CD | Crohn’s disease |
DC | Dendritic cells |
DSS | Dextran sulfate sodium |
E. rectale | Eubacterium rectale |
ELISA | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease |
IELs | Intraepithelial lymphocytes |
IL | Interleukin |
PBL | Peripheral blood leukocytes |
PPs | Peyer’s patches |
T. halophilus | Tetragenococcus halophilus |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor |
UC | Ulcerative colitis |
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Ryu, H.-M.; Islam, S.M.S.; Riaz, B.; Sayeed, H.M.; Choi, B.; Sohn, S. Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotic Mixture: Alleviating Colitis in a Mouse Model through Modulation of Cell Activation Markers and the Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168571
Ryu H-M, Islam SMS, Riaz B, Sayeed HM, Choi B, Sohn S. Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotic Mixture: Alleviating Colitis in a Mouse Model through Modulation of Cell Activation Markers and the Gut Microbiota. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168571
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu, Hye-Myung, S. M. Shamsul Islam, Bushra Riaz, Hasan M. Sayeed, Bunsoon Choi, and Seonghyang Sohn. 2024. "Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotic Mixture: Alleviating Colitis in a Mouse Model through Modulation of Cell Activation Markers and the Gut Microbiota" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168571