Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Maternal and Postnatal Consumption of HLA Diet Affects the Brain’s Saturated Fatty Acid, Monounsaturated Fatty Acid, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition in Adult Offspring in a Sex-Dependent Manner
2.2. Maternal and Postnatal Consumption of an HLA Diet Affects Brain AA/DHA, DHA/n-3 DPA, and DHA/n-6 DPA in a Sex-Dependent Manner
2.3. Maternal HLA Diet Increases Brain Plasmalogen (C16:0 DMA/C16:0 and C18:0 DMA/C18:0) in Male Offspring
2.4. Maternal and Postnatal HLA Diets Alter Plasma Endocannabinoids in Adult Offspring, in a Sex-Specific Manner
2.5. Effects of Maternal and Postnatal HLA Diets on Plasma N-acyl Ethanolamide in Adult Offspring
2.6. Effects of Maternal and Postnatal HLA Diets on Plasma Steroid Hormones in Adult Offspring
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animal Model and Diet
4.2. Rodent Brain Fatty Acid Analysis
4.3. Plasma Endocannabinoid Analysis
4.4. Statistical Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LLA Maternal Diet | HLA Maternal Diet | Two-Way ANOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | Pmaternal | Ppostnatal | Pint | |
C14:0 Myristate | 0.077 ± 0.005 | 0.106 ± 0.010 | 0.121 ± 0.021 | 0.083 ± 0.005 | ns | ns | 0.0095 |
C15:0 Pentadecanoate | 0.023 ± 0.004 | 0.026 ± 0.005 | 0.032 ± 0.005 | 0.025 ± 0.003 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:0 Dimethylacetal | 5.570 ± 0.507 | 5.468 ± 0.155 | 3.824 ± 0.110 | 4.478 ± 0.252 | 0.001 | ns | ns |
C16:0 Palmitate | 21.69 ± 0.927 | 23.18 ± 0.927 | 23.47 ± 0.217 | 23.63 ± 0.153 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:1n7 Palmitoleate | 0.171 ± 0.007 | 0.209 ± 0.013 | 0.208 ± 0.013 | 0.184 ± 0.017 | ns | ns | 0.0239 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoate | 0.047 ± 0.005 | 0.060 ± 0.007 | 0.065 ± 0.009 | 0.056 ± 0.006 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:0 Dimethylacetal | 7.840 ± 0.848 | 8.705 ± 1.238 | 4.611 ± 0.536 | 6.193 ± 0.318 | 0.0022 | ns | ns |
C18:0 Stearate | 20.51 ± 0.336 | 20.24 ± 0.323 | 20.72 ± 0.373 | 21.34 ± 0.282 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:1n9 Oleate | 14.26 ± 0.443 | 12.57 ± 0.087 | 14.90 ± 0.170 | 14.02 ± 0.431 | 0.0042 | 0.0008 | ns |
C18:1 Vaccenate | 3.169 ± 0.065 | 2.977 ± 0.046 | 3.447 ± 0.103 | 3.282 ± 0.093 | 0.001 | 0.0251 | ns |
C18:2n6 Linoleate | 0.211 ± 0.013 | 0.254 ± 0.017 | 0.303 ± 0.034 | 0.330 ± 0.026 | 0.0017 | ns | ns |
C20:0 Arachidate | 0.078 ± 0.005 | 0.105 ± 0.015 | 0.105 ± 0.013 | 0.113 ± 0.014 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:3n6 Gamma Linolenate | 0.016 ± 0.005 | 0.016 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.002 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:1n9 Eicosenoate | 0.436 ± 0.018 | 0.408 ± 0.020 | 0.597 ± 0.056 | 0.472 ± 0.041 | 0.0068 | ns | ns |
C20: 2n6 Eicosadienoate | 0.046 ± 0.008 | 0.059 ± 0.005 | 0.069 ± 0.011 | 0.059 ± 0.006 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:0 Behenate | 0.126 ± 0.028 | 0.074 ± 0.010 | 0.122 ± 0.011 | 0.109 ± 0.011 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:3 Homogamma Linolenate | 0.142 ± 0.009 | 0.157 ± 0.012 | 0.183 ± 0.016 | 0.165 ± 0.018 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:1 Erucate | 0.053 ± 0.009 | 0.045 ± 0.003 | 0.069 ± 0.008 | 0.056 ± 0.010 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:4n6 Arachidonate | 7.985 ± 0.079 | 8.063 ± 0.082 | 8.610 ± 0.177 | 8.883 ± 0.178 | <0.0001 | ns | ns |
C24:0 Lignocerate | 0.193 ± 0.024 | 0.156 ± 0.010 | 0.242 ± 0.037 | 0.216 ± 0.018 | 0.0371 | ns | ns |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentaenoate | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.021 ± 0.007 | 0.019 ± 0.004 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | ns | ns | 0.0095 |
C24:1n9 Nervoniate | 0.094 ± 0.023 | 0.069 ± 0.008 | 0.139 ± 0.009 | 0.097 ± 0.017 | 0.0334 | ns | ns |
C22:4n6 Adrenate | 2.705 ± 0.063 | 2.877 ± 0.186 | 3.157 ± 0.317 | 2.988 ± 0.196 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:5n6 Docosapentaenoate | 0.281 ± 0.022 | 0.650 ± 0.107 | 0.372 ± 0.025 | 0.687 ± 0.033 | ns | <0.0001 | ns |
C22:5n3 Docosapentaenoate | 0.116 ± 0.012 | 0.165 ± 0.019 | 0.154 ± 0.023 | 0.164 ± 0.005 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:6n3 Docosahexaenoate | 12.64 ± 0.807 | 12.99 ± 0.475 | 13.95 ± 0.284 | 12.62 ± 0.216 | ns | ns | ns |
LLA Maternal Diet | HLA Maternal Diet | Two-Way ANOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | LLA PN Diet | HLA PN Diet | Pmaternal | Ppostnatal | Pint | |
C14:0 Myristate | 0.144 ± 0.022 | 0.114 ± 0.013 | 0.144 ± 0.008 | 0.123 ± 0.012 | ns | ns | ns |
C15:0 Pentadecanoate | 0.034 ± 0.004 | 0.033 ± 0.005 | 0.041 ± 0.007 | 0.029 ± 0.005 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:0 Dimethylacetal | 3.668 ± 0.491 | 4.778 ± 0.233 | 3.993 ± 0.394 | 4.346 ± 0.338 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:0 Palmitate | 22.91 ± 0.508 | 23.57 ± 0.710 | 23.57 ± 0.402 | 22.69 ± 0.311 | ns | ns | ns |
C16:1n7 Palmitoleate | 0.247 ± 0.026 | 0.213 ± 0.013 | 0.231 ± 0.012 | 0.222 ± 0.012 | ns | ns | ns |
C17:0 Heptadecanoate | 0.073 ± 0.008 | 0.071 ± 0.007 | 0.072 ± 0.005 | 0.064 ± 0.006 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:0 Dimethylacetal | 4.494 ± 0.746 | 5.887 ± 0.697 | 4.956 ± 0.219 | 5.043 ± 0.463 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:0 Stearate | 20.10 ± 0.467 | 20.78 ± 0.201 | 20.54 ± 0.252 | 21.19 ± 0.190 | ns | 0.0409 | ns |
C18:1n9 Oleate | 15.65 ± 0.805 | 13.36 ± 0.661 | 14.02 ± 0.320 | 14.80 ± 0.158 | ns | ns | 0.0221 |
C18:1 Vaccenate | 3.479 ± 0.112 | 3.235 ± 0.099 | 3.319 ± 0.086 | 3.418 ± 0.051 | ns | ns | ns |
C18:2n6 Linoleate | 0.295 ± 0.044 | 0.292 ± 0.009 | 0.264 ± 0.009 | 0.292 ± 0.014 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:0 Arachidate | 0.138 ± 0.014 | 0.087 ± 0.005 | 0.103 ± 0.006 | 0.116 ± 0.007 | ns | ns | 0.003 |
C18:3n6 Gamma Linolenate | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.016 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.001 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:1n9 Eicosenoate | 0.532 ± 0.043 | 0.506 ± 0.047 | 0.483 ± 0.050 | 0.592 ± 0.027 | ns | ns | ns |
C20: 2n6 Eicosadienoate | 0.079 ± 0.013 | 0.064 ± 0.007 | 0.037 ± 0.005 | 0.056 ± 0.004 | 0.0083 | ns | ns |
C22:0 Behenate | 0.127 ± 0.013 | 0.114 ± 0.018 | 0.104 ± 0.012 | 0.119 ± 0.007 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:3 Homogamma Linolenate | 0.212 ± 0.024 | 0.218 ± 0.019 | 0.237 ± 0.016 | 0.199 ± 0.010 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:1 Erucate | 0.072 ± 0.012 | 0.068 ± 0.007 | 0.062 ± 0.008 | 0.077 ± 0.010 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:4n6 Arachidonate | 8.135 ± 0.185 | 8.150 ± 0.117 | 8.374 ± 0.281 | 8.378 ± 0.187 | ns | ns | ns |
C24:0 Lignocerate | 0.221 ± 0.017 | 0.205 ± 0.012 | 0.216 ± 0.024 | 0.235 ± 0.017 | ns | ns | ns |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentaenoate | 0.019 ± 0.005 | 0.012 ± 0.002 | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | ns | ns | ns |
C24:1n9 Nervoniate | 0.127 ± 0.021 | 0.096 ± 0.008 | 0.117 ± 0.012 | 0.122 ± 0.009 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:4n6 Adrenate | 3.047 ± 0.207 | 3.094 ± 0.126 | 3.287 ± 0.118 | 3.356 ± 0.156 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:5n6 Docosapentaenoate | 0.349 ± 0.046 | 0.568 ± 0.017 | 0.299 ± 0.020 | 0.621 ± 0.055 | ns | <0.0001 | ns |
C22:5n3 Docosapentaenoate | 0.146 ± 0.021 | 0.173 ± 0.027 | 0.199 ± 0.015 | 0.168 ± 0.021 | ns | ns | ns |
C22:6n3 Docosahexaenoate | 14.20 ± 0.601 | 14.23 ± 0.669 | 16.22 ± 0.823 | 13.99 ± 0.375 | ns | ns | ns |
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Ezechukwu, H.C.; Ney, L.J.; Jarvis, M.A.; Shrestha, N.; Holland, O.J.; Cuffe, J.S.M.; Perkins, A.V.; Yau, S.-Y.; McAinch, A.J.; Hryciw, D.H. Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147911
Ezechukwu HC, Ney LJ, Jarvis MA, Shrestha N, Holland OJ, Cuffe JSM, Perkins AV, Yau S-Y, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(14):7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147911
Chicago/Turabian StyleEzechukwu, Henry C., Luke J. Ney, Madeline A. Jarvis, Nirajan Shrestha, Olivia J. Holland, James S. M. Cuffe, Anthony V. Perkins, Suk-Yu Yau, Andrew J. McAinch, and Deanne H. Hryciw. 2024. "Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14: 7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147911