HIV-1–Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Primary Site of HIV Early Replication and Reservoir
2.1. The Gut Barrier Function
2.2. The Role of Microbiota and GALT
2.3. T-Cell Subsets as Viral Reservoir in the Gut Mucosa
3. Effects of HIV Infection on Gut Microbiota and Systemic Immune Activation
3.1. The Healthy Microbiota
3.2. The Effects of HIV-1 Infection on Gut Microbiota
4. Role of HIV-Related Gut Dysbiosis in Non-AIDS Comorbidities
4.1. The Gut–Liver Axis and Liver Disease
4.2. The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
4.3. The Brain–Gut Axis and Neurocognitive Disorders
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Moretti, S.; Schietroma, I.; Sberna, G.; Maggiorella, M.T.; Sernicola, L.; Farcomeni, S.; Giovanetti, M.; Ciccozzi, M.; Borsetti, A. HIV-1–Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512193
Moretti S, Schietroma I, Sberna G, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. HIV-1–Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512193
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoretti, Sonia, Ivan Schietroma, Giuseppe Sberna, Maria Teresa Maggiorella, Leonardo Sernicola, Stefania Farcomeni, Marta Giovanetti, Massimo Ciccozzi, and Alessandra Borsetti. 2023. "HIV-1–Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512193