Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Eicosanoids
2.1. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins
2.2. Lipoxygenases and Leukotrienes
3. Cytokines
3.1. IL-1 and IL-6 Families
3.2. IL-1 and IL-6 Inhibitors
3.3. TNF Family
3.4. TNF Inhibitors
3.5. Transforming Growth Factor Family
3.6. Interferon Family
4. Cytokine Production in Human Pathology
4.1. Pathophysiology
4.2. Inflammatory Anemia
4.3. Cytokine Storm
5. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
5.1. Erythropoietin (EPO)
5.2. The Leukocyte-Stimulating Factors
5.3. Thrombopoietin
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family [34,35] | |||
Cytokines | Pro-Infl | Anti-Infl | Cell Source |
IL-1α | + | Epithelial, endothelial, stromal cells | |
IL-1β | + | Monocytes/macrophages | |
IL-18 | + | Kupffer cells, intestinal epithelial cells | |
IL-33 | + | Keratinocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblast-like cells | |
IL-36α | + | Epithelial cells | |
IL-36β | + | Epithelial cells | |
IL-36γ | + | Epithelial cells | |
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Family [36] | |||
Cytokines | Pro-Infl | Anti-Infl | Cell Source |
IL-6 | + | + | B cells, T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells |
IL-11 | + | Stroma cells, fibroblasts | |
CNF | + | + | Astrocytes |
LIF | + | + | Pleiotropic |
OSM | + | + | Pleiotropic |
CT-1 | + | Myocytes | |
CLC | + | + | Lymphocytes |
IL-27 | + | T cells | |
IL-31 | + | Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells |
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Wautier, J.-L.; Wautier, M.-P. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119647
Wautier J-L, Wautier M-P. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11):9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119647
Chicago/Turabian StyleWautier, Jean-Luc, and Marie-Paule Wautier. 2023. "Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11: 9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119647