Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related α (MICA) STR Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples
- Asymptomatic: 33 patients (23 women and 10 men); mean age of 42.6 years (26–63).
- Symptomatic:
- a.
- Moderate patients: 344 patients (158 women and 186 men); mean age of 63.6 years (25–98).
- b.
- Severe patients: 106 patients (38 women and 67 men); mean age of 61.8 years (26–86).
- (a)
- Asymptomatic: Individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 using a virologic test but who have no symptoms that are consistent with COVID-19 [34].
- (b)
- Moderate Illness: Individuals who show evidence of lower respiratory disease during clinical assessment or imaging and who have an oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≥ 94% on room air at sea level [34].
- (c)
- Severe Illness: Individuals who have SpO2 < 94% on room air at sea level, a ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) < 300 mm Hg, a respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min, or lung infiltrates > 50% [34].
4.2. Population Reference Group
4.3. DNA Extraction
4.4. HLA-B and MICA Genotyping
4.5. PCR Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Allele | PRG (2n = 1234) n (%) | COVID-19 Patients (2n = 892) n (%) | Asymptomatic Patients (2n = 66) n (%) | Moderate Patients (2n = 686) n (%) | Severe Patients (2n = 206) n (%) | P1 (Pc) | P2 (Pc) | P3 (Pc) | P4 (Pc) | P5 (Pc) | P6 (Pc) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MICA*A4 | 192 (15.6) | 119 (13.3) | 11 (16.7) | 95 (13.8) | 24 (11.7) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5 | 140 (11.3) | 102 (11.4) | 6 (9.1) | 81 (11.8) | 21 (10.2) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5.1 | 310 (25.1) | 196 (22.0) | 19 (28.8) | 158 (23) | 38 (18.4) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A6 | 423 (34.3) | 309 (34.6) | 22 (33.3) | 226 (32.9) | 83 (40.3) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A9 | 169 (13.7) | 166 (18.6) | 8 (12.1) | 126 (18.4) | 40 (19.4) | 0.004 (0.025) | n.s | 0.007 (0.035) | n.s | n.s | n.s |
Genotype | PRG (n = 617) n (%) | COVID-19 Patients (n = 446) n (%) | Asymptomatic Patients (n = 33) n (%) | Moderate Patients (n = 343) n (%) | Severe Patients (n = 103) n (%) | P1 (Pc) | P2 (Pc) | P3 (Pc) | P4 (Pc) | P5 (Pc) | P6 (Pc) |
MICA*A4,*A4 | 12 (1.9) | 4 (0.9) | 1 (3) | 4 (1.2) | 0 (0) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A4,*A5 | 18 (2.9) | 16 (3.6) | 3 (9.1) | 14 (4.1) | 2 (1.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A4,*A5.1 | 58 (9.4) | 33 (7.4) | 2 (6.1) | 28 (8.2) | 5 (4.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A4,*A6 | 67 (10.8) | 43 (9.6) | 3 (9.1) | 29 (8.5) | 14 (13.6) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A4,*A9 | 26 (4.2) | 19 (4.3) | 1 (3) | 16 (4.7) | 3 (2.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5,*A5 | 16 (2.6) | 9 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 7 (2) | 2 (1.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5,*A51 | 22 (3.6) | 20 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 18 (5.2) | 2 (1.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5,*A6 | 43 (7) | 29 (6.5) | 2 (6.1) | 21 (6.1) | 8 (7.8) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A5,*A9 | 23 (3.7) | 19 (4.3) | 1 (3) | 14 (4.1) | 5 (4.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A51,*A51 | 41 (6.6) | 20 (4.5) | 3 (9.1) | 17 (5) | 3 (2.9) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A51,*A6 | 107 (17.3) | 64 (14.3) | 9 (27.3) | 50 (14.6) | 14 (13.6) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A51,*A9 | 41 (6.6) | 39 (8.7) | 2 (6.1) | 28 (8.2) | 11 (10.7) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A6,*A6 | 77 (12.5) | 63 (14.1) | 3 (9.1) | 45 (13.1) | 18 (17.5) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A6,*A9 | 52 (8.4) | 47 (10.5) | 2 (6.1) | 36 (10.5) | 11 (10.7) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
MICA*A9,*A9 | 14 (2.3) | 21 (4.7) | 1 (3) | 16 (4.7) | 5 (4.9) | n.s | n.s | 0.041 (n.s) | n.s | n.s | n.s |
PRG | Asymptomatic | Moderate Patients | Severe Patients | COVID-19 Patients | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLA-B/MICA | F | % | F | % | F | % | F | % | F | % |
*07/*A51 | 105 | 8.5 | 9 | 13.6 | 58 | 8.5 | 16 | 7.8 | 83 | 8.8 |
*41/*A6 | 14 | 1.1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 1.5 | 3 | 1.5 | 15 | 1.6 |
*14/*A5 | 14 | 1.1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.5 | 11 | 1.2 |
*35/*A9 | 56 | 4.5 | 2 | 3 | 38 | 5.5 | 12 | 5.8 | 51 | 5.4 |
*50/*A6 | 38 | 3.1 | 1 | 1.5 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 4.9 | 25 | 2.6 |
*40/*A5 | 20 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.5 | 20 | 2.9 | 3 | 1.5 | 24 | 2.5 |
*27/*A4 | 41 | 3.3 | 3 | 4.5 | 14 | 2 | 8 | 3.9 | 25 | 2.6 |
*18/*A4 | 125 | 10.1 | 5 | 7.6 | 58 | 8.5 | 13 | 6.3 | 75 | 7.9 |
*57/*A9 | 25 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 22 | 3.2 | 11 | 5.3 | 34 | 3.6 |
*44/*A51 | 57 | 4.6 | 4 | 6.1 | 29 | 4.2 | 10 | 4.9 | 43 | 4.6 |
*51/*A6 | 102 | 8.3 | 3 | 4.5 | 39 | 5.7 | 17 | 8.3 | 58 | 6.1 |
*15/*A5 | 33 | 2.7 | 3 | 4.5 | 19 | 2.8 | 9 | 4.4 | 30 | 3.2 |
*44/*A6 | 124 | 10 | 8 | 12.1 | 78 | 11.4 | 29 | 14.1 | 114 | 12.1 |
*35/*A6 | 20 | 1.6 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 1.3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 1.4 |
*40/*A51 | 17 | 1.4 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 1.2 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 1.3 |
*08/*A51 | 53 | 4.3 | 3 | 4.5 | 36 | 5.2 | 4 | 1.9 | 42 | 4.4 |
*14/*A6 | 50 | 4.1 | 2 | 3 | 37 | 5.4 | 10 | 4.9 | 49 | 5.2 |
*39/*A9 | 15 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.5 | 12 | 1.7 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 1.7 |
*38/*A9 | 28 | 2.3 | 1 | 1.5 | 22 | 3.2 | 10 | 4.9 | 33 | 3.5 |
*53/*A9 | 15 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.5 | 15 | 2.2 | 3 | 1.5 | 19 | 2 |
*55/*A4 | 9 | 0.7 | 1 | 1.5 | 13 | 1.9 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 1.7 |
*13/*A51 | 19 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 9 | 1.3 | 3 | 1.5 | 13 | 1.4 |
*49/*A6 | 31 | 2.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 20 | 2.9 | 7 | 3.4 | 28 | 3 |
*52/*A6 | 14 | 1.1 | 1 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.5 | 5 | 2.4 | 16 | 1.7 |
*35/*A5 | 41 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 3.9 | 6 | 2.9 | 32 | 3.4 |
*58/*A9 | 10 | 1.06 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1.2 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 1.3 |
Characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|
Moderate Patients (n = 344) | Severe Patients (n = 106) | p | |
Age | 63.6 | 61.8 | n.s |
Female | 159 (46.2%) | 38 (35.8%) | n.s |
Male | 185 (53.1%) | 68 (64.2%) | |
UCI | 23 (6.7%) | 103 (97.2%) | 3.72 × 10−74 |
No UCI | 321 (93.3%) | 3 (2.8%) | |
Mechanic Ventilation | 17 (4.9%) | 84 (79.2%) | 1.03× 10−50 |
No Mechanic Ventilation | 327 (95.1%) | 22 (20.8%) | |
Deceased | 28 (8.1%) | 41 (38.7%) | 3.02 × 10−11 |
Survivors | 316 (91.9%) | 65 (61.3%) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | 145 (42.2%) | 52 (49.1%) | n.s |
DM | 65 (18.9%) | 36 (34%) | 0.01 |
CKD | 27 (7.8%) | 5 (4.7%) | n.s |
CVD | 20 (5.8%) | 2 (1.9%) | n.s |
Overweight/Obesity | 41 (11.9%) | 30 (28.3%) | 8 × 10−4 |
MI | 20 (5.8%) | 6 (5.7%) | n.s |
HF | 16 (4.7%) | 9 (8.5%) | n.s |
COPD | 20 (4.8%) | 13 (12.3%) | n.s |
Asthma | 21 (6.1%) | 8 (7.5%) | n.s |
PAD | 9 (2.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | n.s |
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Gutiérrez-Bautista, J.F.; Martinez-Chamorro, A.; Rodriguez-Nicolas, A.; Rosales-Castillo, A.; Jiménez, P.; Anderson, P.; López-Ruz, M.Á.; López-Nevot, M.Á.; Ruiz-Cabello, F. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related α (MICA) STR Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136979
Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Martinez-Chamorro A, Rodriguez-Nicolas A, Rosales-Castillo A, Jiménez P, Anderson P, López-Ruz MÁ, López-Nevot MÁ, Ruiz-Cabello F. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related α (MICA) STR Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):6979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136979
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez-Bautista, Juan Francisco, Alba Martinez-Chamorro, Antonio Rodriguez-Nicolas, Antonio Rosales-Castillo, Pilar Jiménez, Per Anderson, Miguel Ángel López-Ruz, Miguel Ángel López-Nevot, and Francisco Ruiz-Cabello. 2022. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related α (MICA) STR Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 6979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136979