Doxorubicin-Resistant TNBC Cells Exhibit Rapid Growth with Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties and EMT Phenotype, Which Can Be Transferred to Parental Cells through Autocrine Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Doxorubicin-Resistant MDA-MB-231 (DRM) Cells Were Established by Continuous Treatment with Increasing Concentrations of Doxorubicin
2.2. DRM Cells Showed Morphological Changes and Increased Proliferative Capacity while Acquiring Resistance to Doxorubicin
2.3. DRM Cells Showed an Increase in Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Adhesion Characteristics
2.4. DRM Cells Expanded the Population of CSCs as Acquiring Resistance to Doxorubicin
2.5. DRM Cells Showed Highly Proliferative, EMT, Adhesive, and Invasive Phenotypes Molecularly
2.6. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Upregulation Was Associated with Doxorubicin Resistance of DRM Cells
2.7. Doxorubicin Resistance of DRM Cells Can Be Transferred to p-MDA-MB 231 Cells by Autocrine Signaling
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Chemicals
4.2. Preparation of Doxorubicin Resistant MDA-MB-231 Cells
4.3. Cell Viability Assay
4.4. Invasion Assay
4.5. Migration Assay
4.6. Colony Formation Assay
4.7. Gelatin Zymography
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paramanantham, A.; Jung, E.J.; Kim, H.J.; Jeong, B.K.; Jung, J.-M.; Kim, G.S.; Hong, S.C.; Lee, W.S. Doxorubicin-Resistant TNBC Cells Exhibit Rapid Growth with Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties and EMT Phenotype, Which Can Be Transferred to Parental Cells through Autocrine Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212438
Paramanantham A, Jung EJ, Kim HJ, Jeong BK, Jung J-M, Kim GS, Hong SC, Lee WS. Doxorubicin-Resistant TNBC Cells Exhibit Rapid Growth with Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties and EMT Phenotype, Which Can Be Transferred to Parental Cells through Autocrine Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212438
Chicago/Turabian StyleParamanantham, Anjugam, Eun Joo Jung, Hye Jung Kim, Bae Kwon Jeong, Jin-Myung Jung, Gon Sup Kim, Soon Chan Hong, and Won Sup Lee. 2021. "Doxorubicin-Resistant TNBC Cells Exhibit Rapid Growth with Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties and EMT Phenotype, Which Can Be Transferred to Parental Cells through Autocrine Signaling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212438