Facets of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update
Abstract
:1. General Aspects of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
2. Virus Tropism and Spread
3. Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection as Model for Multiple Sclerosis
4. Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection as Model for Seizures and Epilepsy
5. Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection as Model for Myocarditis
6. Innate Immunity in Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection
6.1. Mechanisms of the Innate Immune Response
6.2. Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Microglia, Macrophages, and Astrocytes
6.3. Innate Immunity Accounts for Seizure Development during Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection of C57BL/6 Mice
6.4. Innate Immunity Participates in Demyelination Processes and Cardiac Damage
6.5. Modulation of the Cannabinoid System
7. Adaptive Immunity in Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection
7.1. CD4+ T Cells
7.1.1. Regulatory T Cells
7.1.2. Th17 Cells
7.2. CD8+ T Cells
7.3. B Cells and Humoral Immunity
7.4. Lymphocyte Apoptosis of Immune Cells
8. Conclusion and Outlook
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AICD | Activation-induced cell death |
AP-1 | Activator protein 1 |
β2M | β2-Microglobulin |
CARD | Caspase activation and recruitment domain |
CARDIF | CARD adaptor inducing IFNβ |
CB | Cannabinoid |
CBD | Cannabidiol |
CLR | C-type lectin receptor |
CNS | Central nervous system |
DAMP | Damage-associated molecular pattern |
DC | Dendritic cell |
Δ9-THC | Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol |
DEREG | Depletion of regulatory T cells |
dsRNA | Double-stranded RNA |
EEG | Electroencephalogram |
eIF2α | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α |
FADD | Fas-associated protein with death domain |
FasL | Fas ligand |
GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
HIF | Hypoxia-inducible factor |
ICE | IL1β converting enzyme |
IFN-I | Type I interferon |
IL | Interleukin |
IPS-1 | IFNβ promoter stimulator |
IL | Interleukin |
IRES | Internal ribosomal entry site |
IRF | Interferon regulatory factor |
ISG | Interferon stimulated gene |
iTreg | Induced Treg |
lncRNA | Long noncoding RNA |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharides |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MAVS | Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein |
MBP | Myelin basic protein |
MDA5 | Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 |
MDSC | Myeloid-derived suppressor cell |
mGluR5 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 |
MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
MOG | Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein |
MS | Multiple sclerosis |
MyD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
NLR | NOD-like receptor |
Nup | Nuclear pore protein |
OAS | Oligoadenylate synthetase |
ORF | Open reading frame |
PAMP | Pathogen-associated molecular pattern |
Pik3cg | Phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma |
PKR | dsRNA-Activated protein kinase |
PLP | Proteolipid protein |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
PRR | Pattern recognition receptor |
RIG | Retinoic acid-inducible gene |
RLR | RIG-I-like receptors |
ROR | Retinoic acid related orphan receptor |
Th | T helper |
TIR | Toll/IL1 receptor homology |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
TME | Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis |
TMEV | TME virus |
TMEV-IDD | TMEV-induced demyelinating disease |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TNFR | TNF receptor |
TRADD | TNFR1-associated death domain protein |
TRAF | TNFR-associated factor |
Treg | Regulatory T cells |
TRIF | TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFNβ |
VCAM | Vascular cell adhesion molecule |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VHEV | Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus |
VISA | Virus-induced signaling adapter |
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Gerhauser, I.; Hansmann, F.; Ciurkiewicz, M.; Löscher, W.; Beineke, A. Facets of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020448
Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(2):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020448
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerhauser, Ingo, Florian Hansmann, Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz, Wolfgang Löscher, and Andreas Beineke. 2019. "Facets of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020448