Inflammation in Chronic Wounds
Abstract
:1. Overview
2. Causes
2.1. Venous Ulcers
2.2. Arterial Ulcers
2.3. Pressure Ulcers
2.4. Diabetic Ulcers
3. Normal Cutaneous Healing
3.1. Haemostasis
3.2. Inflammation
3.3. Proliferation
3.4. Remodelling
3.5. Necessity of Inflammation
4. Pathophysiology
4.1. Ageing
4.2. Hypoxia
4.3. Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury
4.4. Bacterial Colonisation
5. Current Treatments
6. Future Prospects
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGE | advanced glycation end-products |
APC | activated protein C |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
EGF | epidermal growth factor |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
IL | interleukin |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
NF | nuclear factor |
NO | nitric oxide |
PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
TIMP | tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase |
TNF | tumour necrosis factor |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Zhao, R.; Liang, H.; Clarke, E.; Jackson, C.; Xue, M. Inflammation in Chronic Wounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122085
Zhao R, Liang H, Clarke E, Jackson C, Xue M. Inflammation in Chronic Wounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(12):2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122085
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Ruilong, Helena Liang, Elizabeth Clarke, Christopher Jackson, and Meilang Xue. 2016. "Inflammation in Chronic Wounds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 12: 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122085