Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data Material
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.2.1. Human Mobility Data
2.2.2. Economic Landscape Data
- 1.
- Urban built environment data.
- 2.
- Gross domestic product (GDP) and population data.
3. Methodology
3.1. Evaluation of Spatial Busyness with the Improved PageRank Algorithm
3.2. Evaluation of Spatial Diversity with Entropy
3.3. Analysis of the Relationship between Urban Vibrancy and Economic Landscape
4. Results
4.1. Urban Vibrancy Results in Beijing
4.2. The Relationship between Urban Vibrancy and the Economic Landscape
5. Discussion
5.1. Evaluating Urban Vibrancy in Busyness and Diversity
5.2. Exploring the Relationship between Urban Vibrancy and Economic Landscape
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Number of Trajectories | Average Length of Trajectories | Number of Positioning Points per User | Number Of Stay Points per User | Percentage of Points after Detection |
---|---|---|---|---|
1,200,000 | 24.74 km | 31.23 | 1.49 | 4.77% |
Factor | Indicators | Definition |
---|---|---|
Built environment factor | Density of POIs | Number of POIs divided by the area. |
Total length of roads | Roads comprise five levels: expressways, first-level highways, second-level highways, third-level highways, and fourth-level highways. | |
Average house price | Average housing transaction price, reflecting the land value of an area. | |
Standard deviation of house price | Standard deviation of housing transaction prices, reflecting regional land value differences. | |
Building density | Total base area of all buildings divided by the total land area, which can reflect the vacancy rate and building density. | |
Gross floor area | Sum of the total floor area in an area. | |
Standard deviation of gross floor area | Standard deviation of the total floor area in an area. | |
Average building height | Total height of buildings divided by the building numbers. | |
Standard deviation of building height | Standard deviation of building height in an area. | |
Landscape shape index of building (BLSI) | , where is the circumference of the th building and is the area of the th building. | |
GDP factor | Gross regional product | Economic output in a specific area, obtained by resampling the GDP kilometre grid data sets. |
Population factor | Population density | Number of individuals divided by the area, obtained by resampling the population kilometre grid data sets. |
Categories | Busyness Label | Diversity Label | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|
HH | H | H | Busyness ranks in the top 30%, and diversity ranks in the top 30%. |
LL | L | L | Busyness ranks in the bottom 30%, and diversity ranks in the bottom 30%. |
HL | H | L | Busyness ranks in the top 30%, and diversity ranks in the bottom 30%. |
LH | L | H | Busyness ranks in the bottom 30%, and diversity ranks in the top 30%. |
Variables | B | Std. Error | Beta | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
Gross floor area | 1.38 × 10−7 | 9.08 × 10−9 | 0.48 *** | 4.09 |
Population density | 7.32 × 10−6 | 6.52 × 10−7 | 0.25 | 1.99 |
Standard deviation of the gross floor area | −6.90 × 10−6 | 7.26 × 10−7 | −0.24 | 2.62 |
Density of POIs | 3.75 × 10−4 | 5.18 × 10−5 | 0.17 | 2.37 |
Standard deviation of the building height | 0.02 | 3.26 × 10−3 | 0.34 | 9.86 |
Average building height | 1.62 × 10−3 | 3.05 × 10−4 | −0.22 | 6.99 |
Average house price | −6.76 × 10−7 | 3.08 × 10−7 | −0.04 * | 1.57 |
Variables | B | Std. Error | Beta | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −0.05 | 0.02 | ||
Gross floor area | 2.10 × 10−7 | 1.50 × 10−8 | 0.43 *** | 3.73 |
Population density | 1.89 × 10−5 | 2.27 × 10−6 | 0.38 | 8.15 |
Density of POIs | 6.96 × 10−4 | 8.98 × 10−5 | 0.19 | 2.40 |
Standard deviation of the gross floor area | −6.51 × 10−6 | 1.10 × 10−6 | −0.14 | 2.03 |
Gross regional product | −4.56 × 10−7 | 8.35 × 10−8 | −0.23 | 7.10 |
Average house price | 7.38 × 10−7 | 1.70 × 10−7 | 0.10 | 2.23 |
Landscape shape index of buildings (BLSI) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 * | 1.31 |
Two Dimensions of Urban Vibrancy | Descriptive Statistics | Factor Loading 1 | Communalities | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | Std. Deviation | Initial | Extraction | ||
Busyness | 1840 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
Diversity | 1840 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
Variables | B | Std. Error | Beta | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −1.13 | 0.04 | ||
Gross floor area | 8.53 × 10−7 | 5.17 × 10−8 | 0.50 *** | 4.10 |
Population density | 6.34 × 10−5 | 7.26 × 10−6 | 0.36 | 7.66 |
Standard deviation of the gross floor area | −3.44 × 10−5 | 4.01 × 10−6 | −0.20 | 2.48 |
Density of POIs | 2.21 × 10−3 | 3.03 × 10−4 | 0.17 | 2.51 |
Gross regional product | −1.21 × 10−6 | 2.70 × 10−7 | −0.18 | 6.80 |
Average house price | 1.77 × 10−6 | 5.73 × 10−7 | 0.07 ** | 2.32 |
Total length of roads | 1.23 × 10−5 | 5.56 × 10−6 | 0.04 * | 1.69 |
Average building height | 2.05 × 10−2 | 9.67 × 10−3 | 0.05 | 2.34 |
Pattern | Busyness | Diversity | Location and Facilities |
---|---|---|---|
HH | 0.87 | 0.90 | Beijing Railway Station, Xinjingjiayuan Community, New World Department Store, Beijing No. 11 Middle School |
LL | 0.05 | 0.06 | Guogongzhuang Village |
HL | 0.48 | 0.18 | National Olympic Sports Centre, Olympic Forest Park |
LH | 0.09 | 0.46 | Fragrant Hills, Beijing Botanical Garden |
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Jia, C.; Liu, Y.; Du, Y.; Huang, J.; Fei, T. Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020072
Jia C, Liu Y, Du Y, Huang J, Fei T. Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10(2):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020072
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Chen, Yuefeng Liu, Yunyan Du, Jianfeng Huang, and Teng Fei. 2021. "Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 2: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020072
APA StyleJia, C., Liu, Y., Du, Y., Huang, J., & Fei, T. (2021). Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020072