Impact of Prescribed Exercise on the Physical and Cognitive Health of Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data Acquisition
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline
3.2. Intervention Outcomes
3.2.1. Physical Fitness
3.2.2. Cognitive Responses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | EXE | COG | COM | CON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 83 | 22 | 19 | 21 | 21 |
Males | 43 | 9 | 4 | 14 | 16 |
Females | 40 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 5 |
Age (years) | 27.1 ± 8.0 | 25.0 ± 7.1 | 26.2 ± 6.1 | 28.9 ± 9.2 | 28.2 ± 9.0 |
Countries | Canada (53) Finland (1) Germany (1) Ireland (2) Myanmar (1) New Zealand (1) South Africa (5) Thailand (1) UK (4) USA (14) | Canada (14) Finland (1) Ireland (1) South Africa (1) Thailand (1) UK (1) USA (3) | Canada (12) Ireland (1) Myanmar (1) South Africa (2) UK (1) USA (2) | Canada (13) Germany (1) New Zealand (1) South Africa (1) UK (1) USA (4) | Canada (14) South Africa (1) UK (1) USA (5) |
Visual impairment (VI) * | 24 Amblyopia (2) Astigmatism (10) Cortical visual impairment (1) Essential iris atrophy (1) Hyperopia (8) Keratoconus (1) Left eye blindness (1) Myopia (8) Nystagmus (2) Strabismus (3) | 6 Amblyopia (1) Astigmatism (2) Cortical visual impairment (1) Essential iris atrophy (1) Hyperopia (2) Left eye blindness (1) Myopia (2) Nystagmus (1) Strabismus (1) | 4 Astigmatism (1) Hyperopia (2) Keratoconus (1) Myopia (1) Strabismus (1) | 7 Amblyopia (1) Astigmatism (3) Hyperopia (1) Myopia (4) | 7 Astigmatism (4) Hyperopia (3) Myopia (1) Nystagmus (1) Strabismus (1) |
Auditory impairment (AI) | 18 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
Double impairment (VI and AI) | 12 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices—Set 1 | 4.9 ± 2.8 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 5.4 ± 3.0 | 4.7 ± 2.2 |
Total (n = 83) | EXE (n = 22) | COG (n = 19) | COM (n = 21) | CON (n = 21) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time spent sitting or reclining on a typical day | |||||
Time (min) | 425.8 ± 214.8 | 418.6 ± 184.8 | 435.8 ± 189.3 | 462.9 ± 287.5 | 387.1 ± 187.8 |
Vigorous PA in day-to-day life (e.g., carrying/lifting heavy loads, household chores, etc.) | |||||
No. of yes responses | 14 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
How many days per week? (days) | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 1.6 |
How much time per day? (min) | 39.6 ± 41.7 | 15.0 | 45.0 ± 21.2 | 30.0 ± 0 | 47.1 ± 58.8 |
How much time per week? (min) | 199.3 ± 308.6 | 60.0 | 180.0 ± 0.0 | 127.5 ± 45.0 | 265.7 ± 439.7 |
Moderate PA in day-to-day life (e.g., brisk walking, carrying light loads, etc.) | |||||
No. of yes responses | 52 | 16 | 9 | 14 | 13 |
How many days per week? (days) | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.6 |
How much time per day? (min) | 83.2 ± 171.8 | 94.1 ± 216.7 | 70.0 ± 87.6 | 55.7 ± 46.3 | 108.5 ± 239.8 |
How much time per week? (min) | 404.6 ± 866.5 | 454.1 ± 1090.4 | 295.6 ± 455.1 | 295.7 ± 278.8 | 536.5 ± 1199.1 |
Walk or use a bicycle to get to and from places for at least 10 min continuously | |||||
No. of yes responses | 41 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 12 |
How many days per week? (days) | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 1.1 |
How much time per day? (min) | 43.8 ± 39.6 | 52.5 ± 60.7 | 30.8 ± 18.0 | 42.5 ± 21.0 | 42.2 ± 32.2 |
How much time per week? (min) | 186.4 ± 127.4 | 192.1 ± 102.9 | 122.5 ± 105.2 | 233.5 ± 173.1 | 168.9 ± 107.8 |
Participation in sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities | |||||
No. of yes responses | 65 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 17 |
Type of activities (no. of responses) | Aquatic and paddle sports (e.g., canoeing, diving, kayaking, water polo, swimming etc.) (27), Athletics (track and field) (10), Ball-over-net game (e.g., badminton, tennis, volleyball, table tennis, basketball etc.) (16), Bat-and-ball (e.g., baseball, cricket, softball etc.) (6), Bodyweight exercises (e.g., squats, push-ups, lunges, pull-ups etc.) (21), Bocce (1), Catching games (e.g., dodgeball) (1), Cycling (off-road) (7), Cycling (road) (10), Dancing (28), Equestrian sport (6), Fitness cardio machines (e.g., treadmill, cross-trainer, rowing machine, cycle ergometer) (12), Flying disc sports (e.g., frisbee) (1), Golf (6), Gymnastics (4), Ice sports (e.g., ice hockey, speed skating etc.) (7), Martial arts/combat sports (3), Pilates (2), Powerlifting (1), Running (6), Shooting sports (1), Snow sports (9), Soccer (8), Stick and ball games (e.g., hockey, lacrosse) (3), Target sports (e.g., archery, bowling, curling) (1), Trampoline (1), Walking (40), Weight training (e.g., exercise with heavy weights) (7), Yoga (15), Other: Playing violin (for hours at a time) (1) | ||||
Vigorous intensity sport, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities for at least 10 min continuously | |||||
No. of yes responses | 39 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 11 |
How many days per week? (days) | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.4 |
How much time per day? (min) | 51.8 ± 31.5 | 58.1 ± 14.9 | 63.8 ± 33.8 | 40.0 ± 15.3 | 50.0 ± 48.1 |
How much time per week? (min) | 177.3 ± 185.8 | 176.3 ± 101.7 | 240.0 ± 133.2 | 116.4 ± 93.5 | 195.0 ± 313.4 |
Moderate intensity sport, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities for at least 10 min continuously | |||||
No. of yes responses | 51 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 15 |
How many days per week? (days) | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.8 |
How much time per day? (min) | 53.8 ± 50.1 | 54.2 ± 62.0 | 68.6 ± 46.6 | 38.8 ± 23.8 | 54.7 ± 57.6 |
How much time per week? (min) | 159.6 ± 141.4 | 175.4 ± 213.9 | 182.7 ± 135.8 | 157.5 ± 125.3 | 130.7 ± 71.6 |
Adherence | EXE (n = 22) | COG (n = 19) | COM (n = 21) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Walks | Total walks completed | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 26.5 ± 4.1 | |
% of target number (out of 24) | 108.1 ± 21.5 | 110.3 ± 16.9 | ||
Average walks per week | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | ||
Cognitive training | Total levels completed | 435.5 ± 61.9 | 443.1 ± 73.3 | |
% of target levels (out of 384) | 113.4 ± 16.1 | 115.4 ± 19.1 | ||
Average levels per week | 53.2 ± 7.0 | 56.5 ± 7.9 | ||
Sessions completed | 45.8 ± 4.8 | 48.4 ± 5.9 | ||
% of target sessions completed (out of 48) | 95.5 ± 10.1 | 100.8 ± 12.4 |
GO-Trials | Total | EXE | COG | COM | CON | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Correct response time (ms) | 295.0 ± 79.2 * | 270.5 ± 91.6 | 298.8 ± 84.4 | 289.1 ± 101.0 | 261.5 ± 74.1 | 241.5 ± 99.2 | 293.7 ± 75.3 | 256.3 ± 77.3 | 322.8 ± 75.9 | 291.3 ± 83.7 |
Number correct (/200) | 182.3 ± 27.8 # | 188.8 ± 23.9 | 186.1± 12.4 # | 190.5 ± 13.3 | 191.7 ± 8.2 # | 197.5 ± 4.1 | 182.0 ± 29.1 # | 193.8 ± 8.9 | 170.3 ± 43.0 # | 174.2 ± 41.7 |
Number incorrect (/200) | 17.7 ± 27.8 # | 11.2 ± 23.9 | 13.9 ± 12.4 # | 9.5 ± 13.3 | 8.3 ± 8.2 # | 2.5 ± 4.1 | 18.0 ± 29.1 # | 6.2 ± 8.9 | 29.7 ± 43.0 # | 25.8 ± 41.7 |
NO-GO-Trials | Total | EXE | COG | COM | CON | |||||
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Incorrect response time (ms) | 286.5 ± 142.0 * | 222.6 ± 117.2 | 278.0 ± 126.3 * | 210.7 ± 121.4 | 233.4 ± 146.2 | 193.8 ± 98.8 | 274.5 ± 113.5 * | 216.4 ± 104.3 | 343.8 ± 163.9 | 264.1 ± 135.5 |
Number correct (/25) | 14.6 ± 5.8 # | 16.7 ± 5.7 | 15.3 ± 6.6 # | 18.4 ± 5.4 | 14.5 ± 5.7 # | 16.7 ± 5.7 | 14.1 ± 6.0 # | 15.8 ± 5.5 | 14.5 ± 5.4 | 15.9 ± 6.1 |
Number incorrect (/25) | 10.4 ± 5.8 # | 8.3 ± 5.7 | 9.7 ± 6.6 # | 6.6 ± 5.4 | 10.5 ± 5.7 # | 8.3 ± 5.7 | 10.9 ± 6.0 # | 9.2 ± 5.5 | 10.5 ± 5.4 | 9.1 ± 6.1 |
Compatible | Total | EXE | COG | COM | CON | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
No. of trials | 59.5 ± 5.3 | 60.1 ± 1.2 | 58.4 ± 6.2 | 60.0 ± 0.0 | 60.3 ± 4.8 | 60.2 ± 2.2 | 60.0 ± 3.3 | 60.0 ± 0.0 | 58.9 ± 6.1 | 60.3 ± 1.3 |
Response time (ms) | 1096.2 ± 232.2 * | 1053.3 ± 224.0 | 1011.5 ± 180.9 § | 1007.2 ± 204.5 | 1013.8 ± 181.5 § | 927.5 ± 180.9 | 1140.6 ± 270.6 | 1099.6 ± 166.0 | 1221.1 ± 227.1 | 1174.9 ± 267.3 |
Per cent correct § | 84.9 ± 22.0 # | 90.8 ± 16.3 | 94.7 ± 8.7 # | 96.4 ± 6.3 | 86.3 ± 22.8 # | 94.7 ± 9.7 | 82.3 ± 23.0 # | 89.4 ± 21.1 | 79.7 ± 20.4 # | 84.0 ± 19.9 |
Per cent incorrect | 3.9 ± 9.8 # | 2.9 ± 6.2 | 2.3 ± 6.4 # | 1.9 ± 4.8 | 6.5 ± 14.0 # | 3.8 ± 8.1 | 4.8 ± 12.5 # | 3.8 ± 8.0 | 2.5 ± 2.7 # | 2.2 ± 2.9 |
Per cent timeouts § | 11.2 ± 18.8 # | 6.3 ± 12.8 | 3.1 ± 3.8 # | 1.7 ± 3.0 | 7.2 ± 13.4 # | 1.5 ± 3.0 | 13.0 ± 19.8 # | 6.8 ± 14.2 | 17.8 ± 19.2 # | 13.8 ± 18.2 |
Incompatible | Total | EXE | COG | COM | CON | |||||
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
No. of trials | 180.5 ± 5.3 | 179.9 ± 1.2 | 181.6 ± 6.2 | 180.0 ± 0.0 | 179.7 ± 4.8 | 179.8 ± 2.2 | 180.0 ± 3.3 | 180.0 ± 0.0 | 181.2 ± 6.1 | 179.7 ± 1.3 |
Response time (ms) | 1188.1 ± 241.8 | 1159.0 ± 226.1 | 1119.7 ± 190.3 § | 1141.3 ± 209.0 | 1127.4 ± 188.7 | 1047.8 ± 197.5 | 1194.2 ± 313.7 | 1189.4 ± 186.8 | 1318.5 ± 215.1 | 1252.7 ± 271.7 |
Per cent correct § | 67.1 ± 34.3 # | 79.1 ± 26.9 | 83.5 ± 25.0 # | 88.7 ± 19.0 | 69.5 ± 33.6 # | 84.2 ± 23.9 | 62.6 ± 34.2 # | 81.1 ± 22.6 | 54.8 ± 36.7 # | 65.2 ± 32.6 |
Per cent incorrect | 16.9 ± 23.6 # | 11.4 ± 18.4 | 11.5 ± 23.3 # | 7.4 ± 16.7 | 15.2 ± 19.0 # | 12.7 ± 22.6 | 19.7 ± 26.2 # | 8.8 ± 11.4 | 22.6 ± 25.4 # | 16.3 ± 21.3 |
Per cent timeouts § | 16.0 ± 21.5 # | 9.4 ± 14.7 | 5.0 ± 5.1 # | 4.0 ± 4.3 | 15.3 ± 23.7 # | 3.1 ± 4.9 | 17.7 ± 20.7 # | 10.1 ± 15.6 | 22.7 ± 20.3 # | 18.5 ± 19.0 |
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Merzbach, V.; Ferrandino, M.; Gernigon, M.; Marques Pinto, J.; Scruton, A.; Gordon, D. Impact of Prescribed Exercise on the Physical and Cognitive Health of Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237121
Merzbach V, Ferrandino M, Gernigon M, Marques Pinto J, Scruton A, Gordon D. Impact of Prescribed Exercise on the Physical and Cognitive Health of Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(23):7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237121
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerzbach, Viviane, Michael Ferrandino, Marie Gernigon, Jorge Marques Pinto, Adrian Scruton, and Dan Gordon. 2023. "Impact of Prescribed Exercise on the Physical and Cognitive Health of Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 23: 7121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237121