Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.4. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Total Cholesterol
High versus Low
3.4. Dose-Response Analysis
3.5. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
High versus Low
3.6. Dose-Response Analysis
3.7. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
High versus Low
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study (Author, Year) | Country | Duration of Follow-Up (Years) | Age (Years) | Total N (Cases) | Setting | Clinical Endpoints | Effect Size (HR, 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingar Holme (2011) [28] | Norway | 33 | 45 | 14,846 (1655) | Oslo study | CHD mortality | <TC>: 1.24 (1.19–1.29) |
Johan S (2006) [25] | Sweden | 32.7 | 50 70 | 2841 (1078) 168 (302) | Uppsala County | CVD mortality | <TC> age 50: 1.16 (1.07–1.26) age 70: 0.96 (0.80–1.16) |
Michihiro. S (2015) [23] | Japan | 15 | 56.9 | 73,916 (770) | EPOCH-JAPAN group | CHD mortality | <TC>: 1.26 (1.16–1.34) |
Nicu Oksala (2012) [27] | Finland | 7.8 | 30–65 | 5956 (55) | Health 2000 survey | SCD | <TC>: 1.29 (0.89–1.88) <LDL>: 1.28 (0.97–1.70) <HDL>: 0.65 (0.47–0.91) |
Kilander. L (2001) [24] | Sweden | 25.7 | 50 | 2301 (301) | CVD mortality | <TC>: 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | |
Silbernagel. G (2013) [29] | Germany | 8.9 | 62.6 | 3141 (590) | LURIC study | CVD mortality | <HDL>: 0.37 (0.18–0.74) |
Tomonori. O (2005) [22] | Japan | 9.6 | 52.8 | 7175 (174) | The Nippon General DATA 90 research group | CVD mortality | <HDL>: 0.27 (0.14–0.52) |
Kunutsor. S. K (2017) [26] | Finland | 23 | 42–61 | 2616 (228) | KIHD risk factor study | Sudden death | <LDL>: 1.43 (0.93–2.19) <HDL>: 0.52 (0.34–0.78) |
Tikhonoff. V (2005) [30] | Italy | 12 | 73.8 | 3120 (327) | CVD mortality | <LDL>: 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | |
Wei-Syun. H (2017) [31] | Taiwan | 8.8 | Over 20 | 381,963 (1894) | The MJ health group | CVD mortality | <TC>: 1.68 (1.38–2.04) |
Thorgeirsson. G (2005) [32] | Iceland | 25 | M: 66.8 W: 65.8 | 8806 (137) 9435 (44) | The Reykjavik study | CVD mortality | <TC> M: 1.41 (1.21–1.63) W: 1.42 (1.14–1.76) |
Gil Harari (2017) [33] | Israel | 22 | 42.1 | 4832 (172) | CORDIS | CVD mortality | <TC>: 3.58 (2.49–5.14) <LDL>: 1.82 (1.15–2.89) <HDL>: 0.90 (0.51–1.59) |
Aya Hirata (2016) [20] | Japan | 18 | 52.5 | 7019 (450) | NIPPON DATA study | CVD mortality | <HDL>: 0.64 (0.42–0.96) |
Aya Hirata (2018) [21] | Japan | 12.1 | 57.1 | 525,661 (1280) | EPOCH-JAPAN group | CVD mortality | <HDL>: 0.56 (0.39–0.82) |
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Jung, E.; Kong, S.Y.; Ro, Y.S.; Ryu, H.H.; Shin, S.D. Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148272
Jung E, Kong SY, Ro YS, Ryu HH, Shin SD. Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148272
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Eujene, So Yeon Kong, Young Sun Ro, Hyun Ho Ryu, and Sang Do Shin. 2022. "Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148272