Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption across North America: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Comparison of Dietary Recalls from Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.1.1. Canada: Canadian Community Health Survey 2015
2.1.2. Mexico: National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016
2.1.3. US: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016
2.2. Dietary Recalls and Intake of Red and Processed Meat
2.3. Sociodemographic Correlates
2.3.1. Canada, CCHS
2.3.2. Mexico, ENSANUT
2.3.3. US, NHANES
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Total Meat
3.3. Unprocessed Red Meat
3.4. Processed Meat
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Canada-CCHS n = 14,083 | Mexico-ENSANUT n = 1581 | US-NHANES n = 10,497 |
---|---|---|---|
Sex * | |||
Male | 49.7 (6630) | 48.1 (608) | 49.0 (5101) |
Female | 50.3 (7453) | 51.9 (973) | 51.0 (5396) |
Age * | |||
18–24 | 8.5 (1101) | 17.0 (354) | 12.2 (1363) |
25–34 | 15.7 (1973) | 20.3 (250) | 17.4 (1685) |
35–44 | 18.8 (2180) | 21.0 (313) | 16.1 (1704) |
45–54 | 19.4 (2534) | 17.8 (234) | 18.0 (1704) |
55–64 | 16.3 (2203) | 11.3 (208) | 16.9 (1725) |
65–74 | 13.1 (2205) | 8.3 (137) | 11.8 (1341) |
75+ | 8.2 (1887) | 4.2 (85) | 7.6 (975) |
Educational attainment *,† | |||
Low | 38.6 (6150) | 32.9 (674) | 36.4 (4541) |
Medium | 33.5 (4559) | 29.1 (461) | 33.1 (3114) |
High | 27.9 (3281) | 38.1 (446) | 30.5 (2530) |
Wealth and Income *,‡ | |||
Low | 45.2 (5173) | 19.8 (522) | 21.9 (3220) |
Medium | 28.2 (4560) | 27.2 (534) | 38.5 (4042) |
High | 26.7 (4343) | 53.0 (525) | 39.6 (3235) |
Proportion consumers § | |||
Unprocessed red meat | 46.1 (44.3–47.9) | 45.9 (40.9–51.0) | 48.5 (47.1–49.9) |
Processed meat | 36.3 (34.6–38.0) | 30.6 (25.9–35.8) | 47.1 (45.7–48.5) |
Total meat | 65.6 (63.9–67.2) | 62.7 (58.1–67.1) | 73.6 (72.3–74.8) |
Median (IQR) intake (grams) # | |||
Unprocessed red meat | 79.0 (36.6–131.6) | 62.0 (28.7–114.8) | 72.3 (38.3–124.5) |
Processed meat | 41.8 (21.2–82.4) | 40.0 (20.0–76.9) | 44.5 (17.9–84.2) |
Total meat | 79.0 (36.2–140.1) | 62.5 (31.3–117.4) | 79.4 (40.8–134.7) |
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Frank, S.M.; Jaacks, L.M.; Batis, C.; Vanderlee, L.; Taillie, L.S. Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption across North America: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Comparison of Dietary Recalls from Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010357
Frank SM, Jaacks LM, Batis C, Vanderlee L, Taillie LS. Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption across North America: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Comparison of Dietary Recalls from Canada, Mexico, and the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010357
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank, Sarah M., Lindsay M. Jaacks, Carolina Batis, Lana Vanderlee, and Lindsey Smith Taillie. 2021. "Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption across North America: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Comparison of Dietary Recalls from Canada, Mexico, and the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010357