Location Dictates Snow Aerodynamic Roughness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Experiments and Implications
4.2. Measurements and Additional Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Hot-Wire Anemometer Specification and Assessment
Air Velocity (m/s) | Temperature (°C) | |
---|---|---|
Range | 0.01 to 50.0 m/s | −20 to 70 °C |
Accuracy | +/−2% of reading or 0.015 m/s (whichever is greater) | +/−0.5 °C |
Resolution | 0.01 (from 0.01 to 9.99 m/s) | 0.1 °C |
Appendix B. Wind Speed Data Collected during the Experiments and Computed z0 Values
Height above the Surface (mm) | Flat | Wave Windward | Wave Furrow | Wave Leeward | Wave Trough | Blowing Snow in Wave Windward | Blowing Snow in Wave Furrow | Blowing Snow in Wave Leeward | Blowing Snow in Wave Trough |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 3.64 | 3.93 | 3.3 | 2.54 | 2.8 | 2.92 | 3.03 | 2.73 | |
20 | 3.81 | 3.97 | 3.58 | 3.03 | 3.01 | 3.07 | 3.11 | 3.02 | |
30 | 3.86 | 3.97 | 3.63 | 3.21 | 3.29 | 3.23 | 3.43 | 3.2 | |
35 | 3.45 | 4.18 | 3.18 | ||||||
40 | 3.94 | 4.11 | 3.62 | 3.39 | 3.26 | 3.46 | 3.46 | 3.39 | |
50 | 3.94 | 4.08 | 3.76 | 3.51 | 3.48 | 3.54 | 3.64 | 3.45 | |
60 | 3.95 | 4.07 | 3.7 | 3.51 | 3.6 | 3.71 | 3.77 | 3.62 | |
70 | 3.68 | 3.92 | 4.025 | 3.81 | 3.535 | 3.81 | 3.77 | 3.75 | 3.71 |
80 | 3.98 | 4.2 | 3.82 | 3.64 | 3.88 | 3.87 | 3.9 | 3.73 | |
90 | 4.07 | 4.13 | 3.86 | 3.71 | 3.94 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.83 | |
100 | 4.18 | 4.275 | 3.88 | 3.74 | 4.06 | 4.13 | 4.15 | 3.94 | |
105 | 3.88 | 4.11 | 3.73 | ||||||
110 | 4.17 | 4.27 | 4.11 | 3.82 | 4.12 | 4.17 | 4.19 | 4.15 | |
120 | 4.14 | 4.34 | 4.1 | 3.83 | 4.23 | 4.28 | 4.35 | 4.18 | |
130 | 4.3 | 4.42 | 4.23 | 3.91 | 4.31 | 4.37 | 4.4 | 4.31 | |
140 | 4.19 | 4.33 | 4.410 | 4.22 | 3.955 | 4.4 | 4.39 | 4.46 | 4.33 |
150 | 4.36 | 4.44 | 4.24 | 4.1 | 4.49 | 4.46 | 4.51 | 4.42 | |
160 | 4.42 | 4.54 | 4.32 | 4.18 | 4.54 | 4.45 | 4.54 | 4.45 | |
170 | 4.52 | 4.55 | 4.39 | 4.31 | 4.6 | 4.47 | 4.56 | 4.5 | |
175 | 4.31 | 4.44 | 4.27 | ||||||
180 | 4.51 | 4.61 | 4.47 | 4.41 | 4.61 | 4.55 | 4.6 | 4.53 | |
190 | 4.6 | 4.65 | 4.49 | 4.43 | 4.65 | 4.58 | 4.63 | 4.62 | |
200 | 4.59 | 4.66 | 4.55 | 4.44 | 4.7 | 4.62 | 4.65 | 4.61 | |
210 | 4.49 | 4.67 | 4.55 | 4.57 | 4.42 | 4.75 | 4.63 | 4.72 | 4.65 |
245 | 4.57 | 4.76 | 4.69 | 4.69 | 4.64 | 4.79 | 4.71 | 4.76 | 4.73 |
280 | 4.66 | 4.78 | 4.72 | 4.75 | 4.74 | 4.85 | 4.76 | 4.75 | 4.77 |
315 | 4.69 | 4.78 | 4.75 | 4.77 | 4.78 | 4.86 | 4.78 | 4.74 | 4.76 |
350 | 4.68 | 4.77 | 4.75 | 4.78 | 4.78 | 4.85 | 4.76 | 4.72 | 4.76 |
385 | 4.67 | 4.76 | 4.74 | 4.78 | 4.77 | 4.84 | 4.76 | 4.83 | 4.74 |
Appendix C. Computation of Anemometric-Based Aerodynamic Roughness Length
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Experiment | Surface | Figure | Measurement Height (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | flat | Figure 1a | 35–385 by 35 mm increments |
2w | Bedform/wave–windward | Figure 1b | 10–210 by 10 mm, then 210–385 by 35 mm |
2f | Bedform/wave–furrow (top) | Figure 1b | |
2l | Bedform/wave–leeward | Figure 1b | |
2t | Bedform/wave–trough (bottom) | Figure 1b | |
2wd, 2fd, 2ld, 2td | Wind profile above common datum | Figure 1b | |
2fc, 2fdc | Furrow with bottom of profile clipped | Figure 1b | |
3w | Fresh snow-covered wave–windward | Figure 1e | |
3f | Fresh snow-covered wave–furrow (top) | Figure 1e | |
3l | Fresh snow-covered wave–leeward | Figure 1e | |
3t | Fresh snow-covered wave–trough (bottom) | Figure 1e |
Number | Form/Location | z0 (×10−3 m) | R2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Low | High | |||
1 | Flat | 4.35 | 3.53 | 5.08 | 0.973 |
Above snow surface | |||||
2w | Bedform: windward | 5.35 | 4.26 | 6.26 | 0.852 |
3f | Windward on fresh snow drift | 3.18 * | 2.78 | 3.57 | 0.972 |
2f | Bedform: furrow (all data) | 5.75 | 4.65 | 6.62 | 0.780 |
2fc | Furrow (bottom clipped) | 4.06 # | 3.38 | 4.66 | 0.908 |
3f | Furrow on fresh snow drift | 3.60 * | 3.21 | 3.98 | 0.973 |
2l | Bedform: leeward | 4.96 | 4.11 | 5.72 | 0.902 |
3l | Leeward on fresh snow drift | 3.42 * | 2.94 | 3.89 | 0.960 |
2t | Bedform: trough | 4.27 | 3.62 | 4.90 | 0.943 |
3t | Trough on fresh snow drift | 3.32 * | 2.88 | 3.74 | 0.970 |
Above datum set at trough height | |||||
2w2 | Windward | 4.50 | 3.72 | 5.18 | 0.912 |
2f2 | Furrow (all data) | 4.64 | 3.85 | 5.32 | 0.866 |
2fdc | Furrow (bottom clipped) | 3.56 # | 2.86 | 4.18 | 0.899 |
2l2 | Leeward | 4.13 | 3.56 | 4.65 | 0.949 |
2t2 | Bedform trough | 4.27 | 3.62 | 4.90 | 0.943 |
z0 Value (mm) | Conditions | Method | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
0.001 to 100 | On ice sheet with some blowing snow | Wind profile | Andreas et al. [5] |
0.01 to 70 | Directional over sastrugi | Wind profile | Jackson and Carroll [29] |
0.17 to 0.33 | Fresh snow (mean of 0.24) | Geometry | Gromke et al. [28] |
0.2 to 2 | Snow on smooth surface | Wind profile | Sanow et al. [8] |
1 to 40 | Snow on plowed surface | Wind profile | Sanow et al. [8] |
3 to 25 | Snow on plowed surface | Geometry | Sanow et al. [8] |
5.5 | Snow on glacier ice | Geometry | Munro [13] |
4.4 | Flat snow surface | Wind profile | This study (1) |
4.1 to 4.6 | Locations along bedform | Wind profile | This study (exp. 2) |
3.2 to 3.6 | Fresh snow on bedforms | Wind profile | This study (exp. 3) |
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Fassnacht, S.R.; Suzuki, K.; Nemoto, M.; Sanow, J.E.; Kosugi, K.; Tedesche, M.E.; Frey, M.M. Location Dictates Snow Aerodynamic Roughness. Glacies 2024, 1, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies1010001
Fassnacht SR, Suzuki K, Nemoto M, Sanow JE, Kosugi K, Tedesche ME, Frey MM. Location Dictates Snow Aerodynamic Roughness. Glacies. 2024; 1(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies1010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleFassnacht, Steven R., Kazuyoshi Suzuki, Masaki Nemoto, Jessica E. Sanow, Kenji Kosugi, Molly E. Tedesche, and Markus M. Frey. 2024. "Location Dictates Snow Aerodynamic Roughness" Glacies 1, no. 1: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies1010001