Development and Investigation of a Nanoemulgel Formulated from Tunisian Opuntia ficus-indica L. Seed Oil for Enhanced Wound Healing Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition of Opuntia ficus-indica Seed Oil
2.2. Evaluation of Prepared Nanoemulsions
2.3. Characterization of the Selected Nanoemulsion
2.3.1. Zeta Potential
2.3.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy Results
2.4. Nanoemulgel Preparation and Characterization
2.4.1. Measurement of the Nanoemulgel pH
2.4.2. Viscosity Study of the Nanoemulgel
2.5. In Vivo Wound Healing Assay
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Quantification of Fatty Acid in PPSO by Gas Chromatography
4.1.1. Preparation of Methyl Esters
4.1.2. Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by GC
4.2. Nanoemulsion Formulation
%Span 80 = 100 − %Span 80
4.3. Characterization of Nanoemulsions
4.3.1. Macroscopical Analysis
4.3.2. Droplet Size Analysis
4.3.3. Measurement of Zeta Potential
4.3.4. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.4. Gelification Process and Nanoemulgel Characterization
4.4.1. pH Determination
4.4.2. Viscosity Measurement
4.5. In Vivo Testing of Healing Activity
4.6. Statistical Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acids | Formula | Peak Area (%) |
---|---|---|
PPSO | ||
Saturated fatty acids | ||
Myristic acid | C14:0 | 0.11 |
Palmitic acid | C16:0 | 13.69 |
Margaric acid | C17:0 | 0.04 |
Stearic acid | C18:0 | 3.11 |
Arachidic acid | C20:0 | 0.15 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | ||
Palmitoleic acid | C16:1 | 0.90 |
Heptadecenoic | C17:1 | 0.07 |
Oleic acid | C18:1 | 21.48 |
Gadoleic acid | C20:1 | 0.10 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | ||
Linoleic acid | C18:2 | 60.13 |
Linolenic acid | C18:3 | 0.20 |
∑SFA | 17.10 | |
∑PUFA | 22.55 | |
∑PUFA | 60.33 |
Country | Governorate | Palmitic Acid (C16:0) | Stearic Acid (C18:0) | Oleic Acid (C18: 1) | Linoleic Acid (C18:2) | Linolenic Acid (C18:3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tunisia | National office of oil | 13.69% | 03.11% | 21.48% | 60.13% | - | |
Tunisia | Nabeul | 11.88% | 03.64% | 20.55% | 61.42% | - | [33] |
Tunisia | Sousse | 11.08% | 03.42% | 21.26% | 57.04% | - | [35] |
Kasserine | 11.53% | 03.41% | 21.95% | 58.14% | - | ||
Algeria | Souk Ahras | 11.66% | 03.18% | 20.36% | 62.63% | - | [36] |
11.87% | 03.15% | 19.99% | 63.12% | - | |||
11.69% | 03.19% | 20.14% | 61.93% | - | |||
Morocco | Argan Oil Company, Casablanca | 12.70% | 03.36% | 15.16% | 66.79% | - | [37] |
Egypt | Cairo Giza | 17.11% | 03.49% | 22.41% | 54.03% | - | [12] |
Saudi Arabia | Taif | 06.73% | 05.74% | 21.10% | 14.00% | 50.69% | [37] |
Mexico | Mexican association CoMeNTuna, Hidalgo | 12.88% | 03.38% | 17.06% | 65.40% | - | [34] |
Day | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 0.00% | 7.48% | 9.46% | 13.40% | 17.39% * | 20.72% * | 23.87% ** | 24.55% *** | 25.10% *** | 25.10% *** |
Commercialized Cream | 0.00% | 6.13% | 8.29% | 11.34% | 17.88% * | 20.19% * | 28.61% * | 30.32% ** | 32.36% *** | 36.88% *** |
Emulgel | 0.00% | 7.42% | 11.83% | 18.66% | 30.53% | 33.33% | 49.32% | 60.82% | 76.98% | 79.39% |
Nanoemulgel | 0.00% | 15.26% | 26.21% | 36.42% | 52.51% | 66.81% | 80.28% | 85.68% | 92.41% | 97.44% |
Formulation | HLB Mixture | PPSO (%) | IPM (%) | Tween 80 (%) | Span 80 (%) | Tween 80: Span 80 Ratio | Water (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | 9.0 | 1 | 9 | 6.65 | 8.35 | 0.44: 056 | 75 |
E2 | 9.5 | 1 | 9 | 7.36 | 7.64 | 0.49: 051 | 75 |
E3 | 10.0 | 1 | 9 | 8.07 | 6.93 | 054: 046 | 75 |
E4 | 10.5 | 1 | 9 | 8.77 | 6.23 | 058: 042 | 75 |
E5 | 11.0 | 1 | 9 | 9.48 | 5.52 | 063: 037 | 75 |
E6 | 11.5 | 1 | 9 | 10.19 | 4.81 | 068: 032 | 75 |
E7 | 12.0 | 1 | 9 | 10.90 | 4.10 | 073: 027 | 75 |
Group | Treatment |
---|---|
G1 | Nanoemulgel |
G2 | Conventional emulgel |
G3 | No treatment |
G4 | Commercialized medicinal cream (API: hyaluronic acid) ‘Connettivina ®’ |
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Bahloul, B.; Ben Bnina, E.; Dridi, D.; Bouhamed, A.; Castillo Henríquez, L.; Flamini, G.; Vega-Baudrit, J.R. Development and Investigation of a Nanoemulgel Formulated from Tunisian Opuntia ficus-indica L. Seed Oil for Enhanced Wound Healing Activity. Gels 2024, 10, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090582
Bahloul B, Ben Bnina E, Dridi D, Bouhamed A, Castillo Henríquez L, Flamini G, Vega-Baudrit JR. Development and Investigation of a Nanoemulgel Formulated from Tunisian Opuntia ficus-indica L. Seed Oil for Enhanced Wound Healing Activity. Gels. 2024; 10(9):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090582
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahloul, Badr, Enis Ben Bnina, Dorra Dridi, Aya Bouhamed, Luis Castillo Henríquez, Guido Flamini, and José Roberto Vega-Baudrit. 2024. "Development and Investigation of a Nanoemulgel Formulated from Tunisian Opuntia ficus-indica L. Seed Oil for Enhanced Wound Healing Activity" Gels 10, no. 9: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090582