Analysis of Actual Fitness Supplement Consumption among Health and Fitness Enthusiasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Analysis and Hypotheses Build-Up
3. Methodology
Participants
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Code | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|
attitude | A1 | I think the money spent on fitness supplements is worthwhile | [15] |
A2 | It is important to consume fitness supplements | [15] | |
A3 | It is valuable to consume fitness supplements | [15] | |
A4 | It is useful to consume fitness supplements | [15] | |
subjective norm | SN1 | Most people I know consume fitness supplements | [30] |
SN2 | Most people who are important to me would think I should take fitness supplements | [30] | |
SN3 | People who are important to me would approve of me consuming fitness supplements | [30] | |
SN4 | Most people like me consume fitness supplements | [26] | |
perceived behavioral control | PBC1 | Consuming fitness supplements is completely under my control | [60] |
PBC2 | Consuming fitness supplements makes me feel like I am taking care of my physical performance | [60] | |
PBC3 | Consuming fitness supplements is easy for me | [60] | |
PBC4 | I am able to consume fitness supplements if I want to | [60] | |
perceived effectiveness | PE1 | I think the use of supplements is beneficial | [84] |
PE2 | I think it is necessary to use supplements | [84] | |
PE3 | I think that fitness supplements have little to no side effects | [84] | |
PE4 | I think fitness supplements that maintain a high level of energy and activity during the day are necessary | [84] | |
perceived benefits | PBE1 | Regular consumption of gym supplements prevents health-related problems | [15] |
PBE2 | I believe I feel better, health wise, if I consume gym supplements | [15] | |
PBE3 | Regular consumption of gym supplements would help build good health | [15] | |
PBE4 | Consumption of gym supplements also improves the way the body feels and looks | [15] | |
perceived barriers | PBA1 | Places for me to purchase fitness supplements I need are too far away | [85] |
PBA2 | It costs too much money to purchase the fitness supplements I need | [85] | |
PBA3 | There are too few places for me to purchase the fitness supplements I need | [85] | |
PBA4 | I lack motivation to consume fitness supplements | [85] | |
PBA5 | I am too embarrassed to consume fitness supplements | [85] | |
health motivation | HM1 | I consume fitness supplements to preserve my health | [44] |
HM2 | I consume fitness supplements to increase my muscles mass | [44] | |
HM3 | I consume fitness supplements to boost my performance in fitness aspects | [44] | |
HM4 | I consume fitness supplements to adhere and supplement my nutritional needs | [44] | |
HM5 | I consume fitness supplements to aid in maintaining/beginning a healthy lifestyle | [44] | |
self-efficacy | SE1 | Consuming fitness supplements aids in my confidence to perform resistance exercises | [86] |
SE2 | Consuming fitness supplements aids in my confidence to challenge myself during workouts | [87] | |
SE3 | Consuming fitness supplements aids in my confidence to perform physical exercises regularly | [88] | |
SE4 | Consuming fitness supplements makes it easy to stick to my fitness goals | [89] | |
SE5 | I find it easy to make sure I meet the recommended dosage of my fitness supplements | [89] | |
automatic precursors | AP1 | I feel good after consuming fitness supplements | [28] |
AP2 | After consuming fitness supplements, I think of consuming supplements in the following days | [90] | |
AP3 | If I were asked about my feelings regarding consuming fitness supplements, I would say it is enjoyable | [57] | |
controlled precursors | CP1 | I evaluate the benefits and outcomes of fitness supplements before consuming it | [57] |
CP2 | I think matching my consumption with proper diet and exercise may take a little effort but is beneficial for me | [28] | |
CP3 | I think exerting effort to consume fitness supplements is worthwhile | [91] | |
CP4 | Regular consumption of supplements will enable me to become physically and mentally healthy | [28] | |
CP5 | I think having a healthy lifestyle is rewarding in the long run | [92] | |
behavioral intention | BI1 | I intend to purchase fitness supplements during the next weeks | [93] |
BI3 | I plan to use fitness supplements for my health in the coming weeks. | [94] | |
BI4 | I plan to pay attention to the fitness supplements I consume. | [94] | |
BI5 | I would recommend fitness supplements to others. | [95] | |
actual consumption | AC1 | My consumption of fitness supplements has improved my physical health | [96] |
AC2 | My consumption of fitness supplements gives me peace of mind about my physical health | [96] | |
AC3 | My consumption of fitness supplements has given me more control of my physical health | [96] | |
AC4 | I would continuously consume fitness supplements for my fitness journey. | [96] |
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Factor | Characteristics | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
sex | male | 144 | 57.6 |
female | 106 | 42.4 | |
age | 15–24 years old | 187 | 74.8 |
25–34 years old | 51 | 20.4 | |
35–44 years old | 9 | 3.6 | |
45–54 years old | 2 | 0.8 | |
55–64 years old | 1 | 0.4 | |
64 years old and older | 0 | 0.0 | |
education attainment | elementary | 0 | 0.0 |
junior high school | 4 | 1.6 | |
senior high school | 138 | 55.2 | |
vocational | 7 | 2.8 | |
college | 99 | 39.6 | |
master’s degree | 2 | 0.8 | |
Ph.D. | 0 | 0.0 | |
employment status | student | 175 | 70.0 |
unemployed | 6 | 2.4 | |
employed/self-employed | 69 | 27.6 | |
monthly income/allowance | less than 15,000 Php | 156 | 58.4 |
15,000–30,000 Php | 52 | 20.8 | |
30,001–45,000 Php | 22 | 8.8 | |
45,001–60,000 Php | 16 | 6.0 | |
more than 60,000 Php | 15 | 6.0 | |
period of consumption of fitness supplements | less than 1 year | 140 | 56.0 |
1–2 years | 72 | 28.8 | |
2–3 years | 19 | 7.6 | |
more than 3 years | 19 | 7.6 | |
places of purchase | pharmacies | 26 | 10.4 |
fitness centers | 14 | 5.6 | |
supplement stores | 69 | 27.6 | |
internet/online shopping | 138 | 55.2 | |
Other | 3 | 1.2 | |
price | less than 1000 Php | 99 | 39.6 |
1001–2000 Php | 101 | 40.4 | |
greater than 2000 Php | 50 | 20 |
Construct | Items | Mean | StD | Initial IL | Final FL | CA | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
attitude (A) | A1 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
A2 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
A3 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
subjective norms (SN) | SN1 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
SN2 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | ||||
SN3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | - | ||||
SN4 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | - | ||||
perceived behavioral control (PBC) | PBC1 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
PBC2 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
PBC3 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
PBC4 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
perceived effectiveness (PE) | PE1 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - |
PE2 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | ||||
PE3 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | - | ||||
PE4 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | - | ||||
perceived benefits (PBE) | PBE1 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | - | |||
PBE2 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | |
PBE3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | - | ||||
PBE4 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | - | ||||
perceived barriers (PBA) | PBA1 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
PBA2 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | - | ||||
PBA3 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | - | ||||
PBA4 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | |
PBA5 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | - | ||||
health motivation (HM) | HM1 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | - | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
HM2 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | |
HM3 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
HM4 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
HM5 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
self-efficacy (SE) | SE1 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
SE2 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
SE3 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
SE4 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
SE5 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||||
automatic precursors (AP) | AP1 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
AP2 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
AP3 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||||
controlled precursors (CP) | CP1 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
CP2 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
CP3 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
CP4 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
CP5 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||||
behavioral intention (BI) | BI1 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
BI2 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
BI3 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | - | - | - | |
BI4 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||
actual consumption (AC) | AC1 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
AC2 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
AC3 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | - | |
AC4 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Fornell–Lacker Criterion | ||||||||
AP | AC | A | BI | CP | HM | PBC | SE | |
AP | 0.846 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AC | 0.691 | 0.829 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
A | 0.591 | 0.614 | 0.795 | - | - | - | - | - |
BI | 0.634 | 0.747 | 0.66 | 0.777 | - | - | - | - |
CP | 0.666 | 0.741 | 0.587 | 0.682 | 0.762 | - | - | - |
HM | 0.615 | 0.738 | 0.583 | 0.669 | 0.647 | 0.825 | - | - |
PBC | 0.533 | 0.565 | 0.595 | 0.565 | 0.563 | 0.536 | 0.784 | - |
SE | 0.717 | 0.727 | 0.656 | 0.73 | 0.705 | 0.676 | 0.597 | 0.799 |
Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio | ||||||||
AP | AC | A | BI | CP | HM | PBC | SE | |
AP | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AC | 0.837 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
A | 0.72 | 0.722 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BI | 0.804 | 0.812 | 0.809 | - | - | - | - | - |
CP | 0.804 | 0.819 | 0.68 | 0.836 | - | - | - | - |
HM | 0.776 | 0.811 | 0.709 | 0.843 | 0.795 | - | - | - |
PBC | 0.643 | 0.662 | 0.687 | 0.697 | 0.684 | 0.655 | - | - |
SE | 0.844 | 0.848 | 0.767 | 0.771 | 0.822 | 0.82 | 0.697 | - |
Parameters | Estimates | Suggested Cutoff | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
SRMR | 0.068 | <0.08 | Hu and Bentler [66] |
Chi-Square | 3.400 | <5.00 | Hooper et al. [67] |
NFI | 0.921 | >0.90 | Baumgartner and Homburg [68] |
Hypothesis | Relationship | β-Values | ρ-Values | Decision |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | attitude → behavioral intention | 0.257 | <0.001 | accept |
2 | subjective norms → behavioral intention | 0.021 | 0.688 | reject |
3 | perceived behavioral control → behavioral intention | 0.193 | 0.004 | accept |
4 | percevied effectiveness → behavioral intention | −0.057 | 0.429 | reject |
5 | health motivation → behavioral intention | 0.307 | <0.001 | accept |
6 | perceived benefits → behavioral intention | 0.087 | 0.214 | reject |
7 | perceived barriers → behavioral intention | −0.018 | 0.717 | reject |
8 | self-efficacy → automatic precursors | 0.717 | <0.001 | accept |
9 | self-efficay → controlled precursors | 0.705 | <0.001 | accept |
10 | automatic precursors → behavioral intention | 0.107 | 0.206 | reject |
11 | controlled precursors → behavioral intention | 0.272 | <0.001 | accept |
12 | behavioral intention → actual consumption | 0.747 | <0.001 | accept |
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Espeño, P.R.; Ong, A.K.S.; German, J.D.; Gumasing, M.J.J.; Casas, E.S. Analysis of Actual Fitness Supplement Consumption among Health and Fitness Enthusiasts. Foods 2024, 13, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091424
Espeño PR, Ong AKS, German JD, Gumasing MJJ, Casas ES. Analysis of Actual Fitness Supplement Consumption among Health and Fitness Enthusiasts. Foods. 2024; 13(9):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091424
Chicago/Turabian StyleEspeño, Paolo Renzo, Ardvin Kester S. Ong, Josephine D. German, Ma. Janice J. Gumasing, and Ethan S. Casas. 2024. "Analysis of Actual Fitness Supplement Consumption among Health and Fitness Enthusiasts" Foods 13, no. 9: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091424