Association between Breakfast Meal Categories and Timing of Physical Activity of Japanese Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Target Population and Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male (Mean ± SD) | Female (Mean ± SD) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 2352 | 1043 | ||
Age | 49.7 ± 12 | 44.8 ± 12.7 | <0.001 | |
BMI | 23.3 ± 3.24 | 20.8 ± 3.09 | <0.001 | |
Exercise (METs) | Strong | 473 ± 1114 | 288 ± 932 | <0.001 |
Moderate | 295 ± 614 | 241 ± 608 | <0.001 | |
Walk | 780 ± 890 | 767 ± 945 | NS | |
Total | 1548 ± 1948 | 1297 ± 1837 | <0.001 | |
Breakfast number (%) | Japanese | 623 (26.4) | 219 (21) | NS |
J-W | 463 (19.7) | 220 (21) | NS | |
Western | 860 (36.6) | 392 (37.6) | NS | |
Cereal | 199 (8.5) | 141 (13.5) | <0.001 | |
Skipping | 208 (8.8) | 75 (7.2) | NS | |
Sleep (clock time) | Weekday wake-up | 5.99 ± 1.21 | 6.18 ± 1.13 | <0.001 |
Weekend wake-up | 7.32 ± 1.67 | 7.78 ± 1.73 | <0.001 | |
MSFsc | 2.92 ± 1.57 | 3.20 ± 1.51 | <0.001 |
Japanese | J-W | Western | Cereal | Skipping | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.01 | 0.006 | 0.104 ** | −0.073 ** | −0.095 ** |
BMI | 0.050 ** | 0.055 ** | −0.043 * | −0.037 * | −0.044 * |
Strong Exercise | 0.075 ** | 0.015 | −0.079 ** | −0.009 | 0.009 |
Moderate Exercise | 0.073 ** | 0.03 | −0.066 ** | −0.015 | −0.027 |
Walk Exercise | −0.005 | −0.011 | 0.019 | 0.02 | −0.031 |
Total Exercise | 0.036 * | −0.001 | −0.041 * | 0.031 | −0.016 |
Weekday wake-up | −0.109 ** | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.038 * | 0.110 ** |
Weekday sleep onset | −0.124 ** | −0.007 | 0.036 * | 0.009 | 0.131 ** |
Weekday sleep length | 0.054 ** | −0.004 | −0.033 | 0.026 | −0.047 ** |
Weekday wake-up | −0.109 ** | −0.011 | 0.003 | 0.049 * | 0.128 ** |
Weekday sleep onset | −0.124 ** | 0.008 | 0.029 | 0.013 | 0.117 ** |
Weekday sleep length | 0.017 | −0.017 | −0.042 * | 0.037 * | 0.031 |
MSFsc | −0.120 ** | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.026 | 0.112 ** |
Exercise | Breakfast | β | P | R2 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strong | Japanese | 0.067 | 0.025 | 0.019 | 9.18 |
J-W | 0.048 | 0.090 | |||
Western | −0.005 | 0.885 | |||
Cereal | 0.030 | 0.212 | |||
Moderate | Japanese | 0.070 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 3.12 |
J-W | 0.014 | 0.627 | |||
Western | −0.004 | 0.906 | |||
Cereal | 0.000 | 0.994 | |||
Walk | Japanese | 0.032 | 0.286 | 0.008 | 4.27 |
J-W | 0.038 | 0.185 | |||
Western | 0.031 | 0.329 | |||
Cereal | 0.029 | 0.235 | |||
Total | Japanese | 0.075 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 4.57 |
J-W | 0.049 | 0.085 | |||
Western | 0.011 | 0.728 | |||
Cereal | 0.030 | 0.210 |
Exercise | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong | Moderate | Walk | Total | |
Breakfast | OR (a) | OR (a) | OR (a) | OR (a) |
95%CI (b) | 95%CI (b) | 95%CI (b) | 95%CI (b) | |
Japanese | 1.29 | 1.56 ** | 1.13 | 1.15 |
1.18–2.05 | ||||
J-W | 1.13 | 1.55 ** | 1.16 | 1.06 |
1.17–2.06 | ||||
Western | 0.85 | 1.08 | 1.28 | 0.94 |
Cereal | 0.86 | 1.12 | 1.39 * | 1.35 |
1.01–1.91 |
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Roshanmehr, F.; Hayashi, K.; Tahara, Y.; Suiko, T.; Nagamori, Y.; Iwai, T.; Shibata, S. Association between Breakfast Meal Categories and Timing of Physical Activity of Japanese Workers. Foods 2022, 11, 2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172609
Roshanmehr F, Hayashi K, Tahara Y, Suiko T, Nagamori Y, Iwai T, Shibata S. Association between Breakfast Meal Categories and Timing of Physical Activity of Japanese Workers. Foods. 2022; 11(17):2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172609
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoshanmehr, Farnaz, Katsuki Hayashi, Yu Tahara, Takahiko Suiko, Yuki Nagamori, Takao Iwai, and Shigenobu Shibata. 2022. "Association between Breakfast Meal Categories and Timing of Physical Activity of Japanese Workers" Foods 11, no. 17: 2609. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172609