Geovisualization and Analysis of Landscape-Level Wildfire Behavior Using Repeat Pass Airborne Thermal Infrared Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the utility of dynamic visualizations and descriptive analyses of wildfire behavior based on spatial-temporal patterns and features of brightness temperature derived from ATIR time sequential imagery?
- What aspects of fire behavior can be better understood using fire features derived from ATIR imagery captured in short-interval sequences?
2. Methods
2.1. Wildfire Study Area and ATIR Imagery
2.2. Dynamic Visualizations of Wildfire Processes
Exploratory Analysis of Fire Behavior
3. Results
3.1. Dynamic Visualizations of Wildfire Processes
3.1.1. Web-Based Geovisualization Tools
3.1.2. Enhanced Topographic Raster
3.2. Visual/Descriptive Analysis of Wildfire Spread—Fire Behavior Identified through Geovisualization of Rapid Sequence ATIR Imagery
3.2.1. Influence of Topography and Fuels
3.2.2. Cases of Fire Spread Impedance
3.2.3. Spotting
4. Discussion
4.1. Dynamic Visualization of Wildfire Processes
4.1.1. Role of Visual/Descriptive Analysis of Wildfire Spread
4.1.2. Evaluation of Custom Web-Based Geovisualization Environment
4.2. Descriptive Analysis of Wildfire Spread
4.2.1. Role of Topography
4.2.2. Role of Fuels
4.2.3. Other Factors Impeding Fire Spread
5. Conclusions
5.1. Key Findings
5.2. Challenges and Limitations
5.3. Future Research and Development
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
- How would you describe the user interface and how can it be improved?
- On a scale of 1 (easy) to 10 (difficult), how would you rate the user interface in terms of ease of use and navigation?
- What aspects of rate of spread (ROS) do these visualization tools help you understand?
- How does the Rate of Spread Sphere (ROSS) impact your understanding of the relationships between ROS vectors and these sequences of fire spread in general?
- How would you rate the usefulness of the ROSS?
- Were these tools useful for evaluating other aspects of landscape-level fire behavior, such as spread over multidirectional slope or fire spread impedance?
- What aspects of the visualization tools were effective?
- What aspects of the visualization tools were ineffective and how do you think they can be improved?
- What additional features or tools would you like to see added?
- Rate the effectiveness of the visualization tools for evaluating landscape-level wildfire behavior on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 10 (effective).
- What do you think these tools would be useful for?
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Sequence | Date (mm/dd/yyyy) | Time Extent (PST) | Passes | Frames Per Pass | Average Time between Successive Passes (min) | GSD (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thomas 1 | 12/08/2017 | 2:23:12 to 5:36:11 PM | 23 | 30–90 | 10:09 | 10 |
Thomas 2 | 12/08/2017 | 2:22:54 to 5:46:11 PM | 26 | 30–90 | 8:24 | 10 |
Thomas 3 | 12/08/2017 | 4:29:49 to 5:12:19 PM | 7 | 15–30 | 7:05 | 10 |
Thomas 4 | 12/09/2017 | 4:33:44 to 5:22:48 PM | 9 | 30–35 | 6:08 | 10 |
Detwiler | 07/20/2017 | 3:24:57 to 4:13:30 PM | 7 | 25 | 8:07 | 13 |
Sequence | Slope Trend (deg) | ROS Trend (m min−1) | 5th Percentile Mean Slope (deg) | 5th Percentile Mean ROS (m min−1) | 95th Percentile Mean Slope (deg) | 95th Percentile Mean ROS (m min−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thomas Fire Sequence 1 | 19.54 | 9.76 | −12.02 (n = 18) | 1.37 (n = 18) | 25.77 (n = 18) | 45.45 (n = 18) |
Thomas Fire Sequence 2 | 10.53 | 11.74 | −1.78 (n = 21) | 1.09 (n = 21) | 6.34 (n = 21) | 41.58 (n = 21) |
Thomas Fire Sequence 3 | 13.50 | 11.86 | −18.60 (n = 7) | 0.90 (n = 7) | 18.76 (n = 7) | 26.25 (n = 7) |
Thomas Fire Sequence 4 | 11.06 | 48.48 | 4.77 (n = 23) | 2.06 (n = 23) | 19.99 (n = 23) | 91.94 (n = 23) |
Detwiler Fire | −10.01 | 6.30 | −9.33 (n = 9) | 0.51 (n = 9) | −2.48 (n = 9) | 21.32 (n = 9) |
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Shennan, K.; Stow, D.A.; Nara, A.; Schag, G.M.; Riggan, P. Geovisualization and Analysis of Landscape-Level Wildfire Behavior Using Repeat Pass Airborne Thermal Infrared Imagery. Fire 2023, 6, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060240
Shennan K, Stow DA, Nara A, Schag GM, Riggan P. Geovisualization and Analysis of Landscape-Level Wildfire Behavior Using Repeat Pass Airborne Thermal Infrared Imagery. Fire. 2023; 6(6):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060240
Chicago/Turabian StyleShennan, Keaton, Douglas A. Stow, Atsushi Nara, Gavin M. Schag, and Philip Riggan. 2023. "Geovisualization and Analysis of Landscape-Level Wildfire Behavior Using Repeat Pass Airborne Thermal Infrared Imagery" Fire 6, no. 6: 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060240