The Anti-Methanogenic Activity of Lovastatin in Batch Cultures Using Rumen Inoculum from Sheep, Goats, and Cows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. In Vitro 24 h Incubation
2.3.1. Analysis of Gas Profile
2.3.2. Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids and Ammonia Nitrogen Concentrations
2.4. In Vitro 72 h Incubation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Gas Production Kinetics and Methane Production
3.2. In Vitro Degradability
3.3. Fermentation Characteristics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | g/kg DM |
---|---|
Maize silage | 490 |
Oat straw | 210 |
Ground corn | 210 |
Soybean meal | 90 |
Chemical composition | |
Crude protein | 113.6 |
Ether extract | 42.2 |
Ash | 71.9 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 461.8 |
Acid detergent fiber | 262.9 |
Item | Sheep | Goats | Cows | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Con | L | H | Con | L | H | Con | L | H | I | D | I × D | ||
mV, mL/g | 277.7 | 274.5 | 251.0 | 263.6 | 246.3 | 250.2 | 284.1 | 290.4 | 274.3 | 28.37 | 0.181 | 0.557 | 0.926 |
S, mL/h | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.032 | 0.002 | 0.896 | 0.117 | 0.553 |
L, h | 1.95 | 1.49 | 1.16 | 1.71 | 1.90 | 2.1 | 1.95 | 1.61 | 1.36 | 0.71 | 0.593 | 0.709 | 0.735 |
CH4, mL/g DM | 44.9 a | 31.2 ab | 20.1 bcd | 27.4 b | 19.2 d | 16.7 cd | 30.2 ab | 18.8 bcd | 23.72 bc | 4.40 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.011 |
CO2, mL/g DM | 216.4 b | 242.6 ab | 205.4 b | 233 c | 225.5 c | 236 c | 270.6 ab | 290.9 a | 267.9 ab | 19.44 | <0.0001 | 0.077 | 0.765 |
GWI, CO2e | 1249 a | 961 ab | 575 cde | 724 bc | 537 e | 425 de | 965 ab | 723 bcd | 813 bc | 97.75 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.007 |
Item | Sheep | Goats | Cows | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Con | L | H | Con | L | H | Con | L | H | I | D | I × D | ||
RFF (mg/g) | 123.1 ab | 124.9 ab | 110.2 a | 187.32 b | 197.8 bc | 197.9 bc | 214.0 c | 198.49 bc | 195.01 bc | 38 | 0.0004 | 0.917 | 0.955 |
MFF (mg/g) | 200.5 | 186.9 | 165.84 | 184.74 | 183.36 | 175.81 | 199.93 | 193.10 | 179.74 | 22 | 0.666 | 0.153 | 0.915 |
SFF (mg/g) | 243.3 ab | 268.1 a | 275.4 a | 212.9 ab | 171.16 b | 199.8 ab | 199.4 ab | 211.45 ab | 213.15 ab | 29 | 0.0003 | 0.615 | 0.392 |
TFF (mg/g) | 567.98 | 579.16 | 551.20 | 585.02 | 552.40 | 573.54 | 613.39 | 602.92 | 588.71 | 58 | 0.382 | 0.817 | 0.948 |
IVNFD (g/kg) | 541 a | 433 bc | 477 bc | 483 abc | 420 bc | 403 c | 548 a | 499 ab | 410 c | 24 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.020 |
Item | Sheep | Goats | Cows | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Con | L | H | Con | L | H | Con | L | H | I | D | I × D | ||
VFA production (mmol/24 h) | |||||||||||||
Total VFA | 3.3 b | 5.2 bc | 5.8 bc | 8.8 ab | 4.9 b | 9.4 ab | 2.8 c | 3.9 bc | 3.7 bc | 0.83 | 0.0134 | 0.1499 | 0.2030 |
Acetate | 2.1 ab | 3.3 ab | 3.8 ab | 6.8 ab | 3.4 ab | 7.1 a | 1.8 b | 2.7 ab | 2.5 ab | 1.34 | 0.0079 | 0.1477 | 0.1472 |
Propionate | 0.79 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.1922 | 0.1863 | 0.5485 |
Butyrate | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.0725 | 0.5498 | 0.5148 |
Isovalerate | ND | ND | ND | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.1445 | 0.3354 | 0.8795 |
Valerate | 0.03 b | 0.05 b | 0.02 b | 0.06 b | 0.34 a | 0.10 b | 0.03 b | 0.04 b | 0.00 b | 0.024 | 0.0033 | 0.0050 | 0.0171 |
A/P | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 1.34 | 0.3651 | 0.6845 | 0.6858 |
NH3-N (mg/dL) | 1.1 ab | 0.6 b | 0.6 b | 2.2 a | 0.9 ab | 1.3 ab | 0.3 b | 0.6 b | 0.7 ab | 0.47 | 0.003 | 0.1541 | 0.1986 |
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Ábrego-García, A.; Medina-Mendoza, G.G.; Miranda-Romero, L.A. The Anti-Methanogenic Activity of Lovastatin in Batch Cultures Using Rumen Inoculum from Sheep, Goats, and Cows. Fermentation 2024, 10, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080393
Ábrego-García A, Medina-Mendoza GG, Miranda-Romero LA. The Anti-Methanogenic Activity of Lovastatin in Batch Cultures Using Rumen Inoculum from Sheep, Goats, and Cows. Fermentation. 2024; 10(8):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080393
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁbrego-García, Amaury, Gustavo Gerardo Medina-Mendoza, and Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero. 2024. "The Anti-Methanogenic Activity of Lovastatin in Batch Cultures Using Rumen Inoculum from Sheep, Goats, and Cows" Fermentation 10, no. 8: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080393