The Role of Environmental Filtering in Structuring Appalachian Tree Communities: Topographic Influences on Functional Diversity Are Mediated through Soil Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Functional Richness
3.2. Functional Dispersion
3.3. CWM Wood Density
3.4. CWM Specific Leaf Area
3.5. CWM Maximum Height
3.6. CWM Leaf Nitrogen Content
3.7. CWM Seed Mass
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diversity Metric | χ2 | df | p | RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FRic | 12.298 | 11 | 0.342 | 0.038 | 0.074 | 0.998 | 0.161 |
FDis | 11.796 | 14 | 0.623 | 0.000 | 0.054 | 1.000 | 0.239 |
CWM WD | 39.075 | 21 | 0.010 | 0.104 | 0.087 | 0.950 | 0.426 |
CWM SLA | 35.909 | 19 | 0.011 | 0.105 | 0.086 | 0.982 | 0.705 |
CWM Leaf N | 39.843 | 20 | 0.005 | 0.111 | 0.078 | 0.978 | 0.466 |
CWM Max. Ht. | 10.362 | 10 | 0.409 | 0.021 | 0.073 | 0.999 | 0.603 |
CWM Seed Mass | 45.491 | 28 | 0.020 | 0.088 | 0.077 | 0.954 | 0.519 |
Predictor | Pathway | FRic | FDis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff | p | Coeff | p | ||
Elevation (Linear) | Direct | −0.338 | 0.001 | - | - |
Indirect through Soil Moisture | - | - | −0.135 | 0.007 | |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | 0.033 | 0.055 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | −3.53 | 0.006 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | - | - | −0.020 | 0.130 | |
Total | −3.835 | 0.003 | −0.155 | 0.003 | |
Elevation (Quadratic) | Indirect through Soil Fertility | 3.572 | 0.006 | - | - |
Aspect (Linear) | Indirect through Soil Moisture | – | – | −0.076 | 0.035 |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | 0.019 | 0.094 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | - | - | −0.018 | 0.148 | |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | 0.085 | 0.024 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil Mn | - | - | −0.065 | 0.080 | |
Total | 0.104 | 0.015 | −0.159 | 0.002 | |
Slope | Indirect through Soil Moisture | - | - | −0.140 | 0.006 |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | 0.034 | 0.054 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | - | - | 0.022 | 0.114 | |
Total | 0.034 | 0.054 | −0.118 | 0.027 | |
Stem Density | Direct | - | - | 0.253 | 0.010 |
Soil Moisture | Direct | - | - | 0.314 | 0.001 |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | −0.078 | 0.039 | - | - | |
Soil Fertility | Direct | −0.308 | 0.003 | - | - |
Indirect through Stem Density | - | - | 0.088 | 0.042 | |
Soil Mn | Direct | - | - | 0.248 | 0.011 |
Predictor | Pathway | WD | SLA | Max. Ht. | Leaf N | Seed Mass | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff | p | Coeff | p | Coeff | p | Coeff | p | Coeff | p | ||
Elevation (Linear) | Direct | 0.247 | 0.011 | 4.372 | 0.005 | −0.485 | 0.000 | 5.856 | 0.004 | 0.382 | 0.000 |
Indirect through Soil Moisture | 0.159 | 0.002 | −0.104 | 0.005 | - | - | - | - | 0.133 | 0.003 | |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | - | - | −0.056 | 0.019 | −0.054 | 0.018 | −0.045 | 0.032 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | - | - | 6.003 | 0.000 | 5.738 | 0.000 | 4.819 | 0.000 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil Zn | 0.060 | 0.068 | −0.081 | 0.029 | - | - | −0.069 | 0.051 | 0.041 | 0.112 | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | 0.014 | 0.168 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.015 | 0.139 | |
Total | 0.480 | 0.000 | 10.13 | 0.000 | 5.199 | 0.000 | 10.56 | 0.000 | 0.572 | 0.000 | |
Elevation (Quadratic) | Direct | - | - | −4.314 | 0006 | - | - | −5.787 | 0.005 | - | - |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | - | - | −6.075 | 0.000 | −5.807 | 0.000 | −4.877 | 0.000 | - | - | |
Total | - | - | −10.39 | 0.000 | −5.807 | 0.000 | −10.66 | 0.000 | - | - | |
Aspect (Linear) | Indirect through Soil Moisture | 0.090 | 0.020 | −0.059 | 0.030 | - | - | - | - | 0.075 | 0.025 |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | - | - | −0.032 | 0.053 | −0.030 | 0.051 | −0.025 | 0.069 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | 0.013 | 0.182 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | 0.154 | |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | - | - | −0.145 | 0.002 | −0.139 | 0.002 | −0.117 | 0.008 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil Zn | 0.312 | 0.042 | −0.420 | 0.010 | - | - | −0.359 | 0.027 | 0.215 | 0.085 | |
Indirect through Soil Mn | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.056 | 0.069 | |
Total | 0.414 | 0.009 | −0.656 | 0.000 | −0.169 | 0.000 | −0.501 | 0.003 | 0.359 | 0.007 | |
Aspect (Quadratic) | Indirect through Soil Zn | −0.341 | 0.034 | 0.460 | 0.006 | - | - | 0.393 | 0.020 | −0.235 | 0.076 |
Slope | Direct | - | - | - | - | 0.146 | 0.040 | - | - | - | - |
Indirect through Soil Moisture | 0.165 | 0.001 | −0.108 | 0.005 | - | - | - | - | 0.138 | 0.003 | |
Indirect through Soil Moisture and Soil Fertility | - | - | −0.059 | 0.018 | −0.056 | 0.017 | −0.047 | 0.031 | - | - | |
Indirect through Soil P and Stem Density | −0.015 | 0.153 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.017 | 0.123 | |
Total | 0.150 | 0.005 | −0.167 | 0.001 | 0.090 | 0.223 | −0.047 | 0.031 | 0.121 | 0.010 | |
Stem Density | Direct | −0.174 | 0.041 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.189 | 0.015 |
Soil Moisture | Direct | −0.374 | 0.000 | 0.245 | 0.001 | - | - | - | - | −0.312 | 0.000 |
Indirect through Soil Fertility | - | - | 0.132 | 0.008 | 0.127 | 0.007 | 0.106 | 0.018 | - | - | |
Total | −0.374 | 0.000 | 0.377 | 0.000 | 0.127 | 0.007 | 0.106 | 0.018 | - | - | |
Soil Fertility | Direct | - | - | 0.524 | 0.000 | 0.501 | 0.000 | 0.421 | 0.000 | - | - |
Soil Zn | Direct | 0.247 | 0.005 | −0.333 | 0.000 | - | - | −0.285 | 0.001 | 0.170 | 0.033 |
Soil P | Indirect through Stem Density | −0.059 | 0.083 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.065 | 0.052 |
Soil Mn | Direct | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.214 | 0.006 |
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Chapman, J.I.; McEwan, R.W. The Role of Environmental Filtering in Structuring Appalachian Tree Communities: Topographic Influences on Functional Diversity Are Mediated through Soil Characteristics. Forests 2018, 9, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010019
Chapman JI, McEwan RW. The Role of Environmental Filtering in Structuring Appalachian Tree Communities: Topographic Influences on Functional Diversity Are Mediated through Soil Characteristics. Forests. 2018; 9(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010019
Chicago/Turabian StyleChapman, Julia I., and Ryan W. McEwan. 2018. "The Role of Environmental Filtering in Structuring Appalachian Tree Communities: Topographic Influences on Functional Diversity Are Mediated through Soil Characteristics" Forests 9, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010019