Forest Canopy Fuel Loads Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle High-Resolution Red, Green, Blue and Multispectral Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Materials, Data and Methods
2.2.1. Field Data
2.2.2. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.3. Photogrammetric Point Clouds Generation
2.2.4. Point Clouds Segmentation
2.2.5. Multispectral Analysis
2.2.6. CFL Spatial Distribution
3. Results
3.1. Plots’ Forest Structure
3.2. Remote Sensing Estimates
3.3. Spatial Distribution of CFLs
4. Discussion
4.1. Plots Forest Structure
4.2. Remote Sensing
4.3. Spatial Distribution of CFLs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Equation |
---|---|
Pinus devoniana | |
Pinus douglasiana Pinus lumholtzii | |
Pinus oocarpa | |
Quercus laeta | |
Quercus candicans Quercus coccolobifolia Quercus obtusata Quercus resinosa | |
Quercus rugosa | |
Arbutus tessellata Arbutus xalapensis |
Vegetation Index | Equation | Reference |
---|---|---|
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) | Rouse et al. (1974) [56] | |
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) | Huete (1988) [57] | |
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) | Qi et al. (1994) [58] | |
2-band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) | Jiang et al. (2008) [59] | |
Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) | Richardson & Everitt (1992) [60] | |
Green Normalized Vegetation Index (GNDVI) | Gitelson et al. (1996) [61] | |
Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI) | Sripada et al. (2006) [62] | |
Green Difference Index (GDI) | Gianelle and Vescovo (2007) [63] | |
Green Red Difference Index (GRDI) | Gianelle and Vescovo (2007) [63] | |
Red edge normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIre) | Gitelson and Merzlyak (1994) [64] | |
Red edge simple ratio (SRre) | Gitelson and Merzlyak (1994) [64] | |
Datt4 | Datt (1998) [65] |
Plot | Genus | Number of Trees | Dg cm | BA m2 | TH m | GCC m2 | CFL Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pinus | 202 | 35.88 | 20.42 | 19.74 (1.06) | 8078.60 | 134.37 |
1 | Quercus | 339 | 15.81 | 6.65 | 12.92 (0.51) | 3913.88 | 29.10 |
2 | Pinus | 129 | 46.66 | 22.05 | 25.37 (1.52) | 6451.49 | 120.57 |
2 | Quercus | 107 | 25.28 | 5.37 | 16.02 (1.17) | 3537.99 | 30.50 |
3 | Pinus | 156 | 40.73 | 20.32 | 25.38 (1.21) | 7097.84 | 75.52 |
3 | Quercus | 166 | 21.18 | 5.85 | 11.21 (0.80) | 3123.20 | 25.07 |
3 | Arbutus | 9 | 17.92 | 0.23 | 8.79 (3.07) | 131.160 | 0.72 |
Plot | Genus | MI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
P1 | Pinus | +0.177 | <0.05 * |
P1 | Quercus | +0.077 | <0.05 * |
P2 | Pinus | +0.209 | <0.05 * |
P2 | Quercus | +0.033 | 0.51 |
P3 | Pinus | +0.032 | 0.45 |
P3 | Quercus | +0.012 | 0.61 |
P3 | Arbutus | +0.107 | 0.42 |
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Chávez-Durán, Á.A.; García, M.; Olvera-Vargas, M.; Aguado, I.; Figueroa-Rangel, B.L.; Trucíos-Caciano, R.; Rubio-Camacho, E.A. Forest Canopy Fuel Loads Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle High-Resolution Red, Green, Blue and Multispectral Imagery. Forests 2024, 15, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020225
Chávez-Durán ÁA, García M, Olvera-Vargas M, Aguado I, Figueroa-Rangel BL, Trucíos-Caciano R, Rubio-Camacho EA. Forest Canopy Fuel Loads Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle High-Resolution Red, Green, Blue and Multispectral Imagery. Forests. 2024; 15(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020225
Chicago/Turabian StyleChávez-Durán, Álvaro Agustín, Mariano García, Miguel Olvera-Vargas, Inmaculada Aguado, Blanca Lorena Figueroa-Rangel, Ramón Trucíos-Caciano, and Ernesto Alonso Rubio-Camacho. 2024. "Forest Canopy Fuel Loads Mapping Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle High-Resolution Red, Green, Blue and Multispectral Imagery" Forests 15, no. 2: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020225