Exploring the Relationship between Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Development Goals for Ecological Conservation: A Case Study in the Hehuang Valley of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Technical Route
2.4. Ecosystem Service Assessment Methods
2.4.1. Selection Basis for Ecosystem Service Indicators
2.4.2. Measurement of Net Primary Productivity, Water Yield, and Soil Retention
2.4.3. Measurement of Sand Fixation
2.5. Sustainable Development Assessment Methods
2.6. Quantification of the Coupling Relationship between ESs and SDL
2.7. GTWR Regression Model
3. Results
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Changes in ESs and SDL in the Hehuang Valley
3.1.1. Changes in ESs
3.1.2. Changes in SDL
3.2. Coupling Coordination Analysis between ESs and SDL
3.2.1. Coupling Degree between ESs and SDL
3.2.2. CCD between ESs and SDL
3.2.3. Relative Development Degree of ESs and SDL
3.3. Spatiotemporal Relationships between ESs and SDL
4. Discussion
4.1. Factors Influencing the Coupling Relationship between ESs and SDL
4.2. Changes in the Spatiotemporal Relationship between ESs and SDL
4.3. Policies and Recommendations for Ecological Conservation
4.4. Limitations and Future Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Name | Data Format | Data Source | Data Use |
---|---|---|---|
DEM Elevation Data | Raster data with 30 m resolution | http://www.gscloud.cn/search, accessed on 10 February 2023 | Basic parameter input for soil retention and wind erosion model |
Land Use Remote Sensing Data | Raster data with 30 m resolution | http://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 22 December 2023 | Basic parameter input for NPP, water yield, and soil retention models |
MOD13Q1 | Raster data with 250 m resolution | https://www.nasa.gov/, accessed on 11 January 2024 | Obtain Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and vegetation coverage data |
Global Land Cover Data (China subset) | Raster data with 100 m resolution | http://bdc.casnw.net/yyzc/sj/250299.shtml, accessed on 13 December 2023 | Obtain vegetation-type data for the study area |
ERA5-Land Wind Speed Data | List data | www.ecmwf.int, accessed on 10 December 2023 | Obtain wind factor and cumulative time distribution raster maps for various wind speed levels |
Soil Moisture Data | Raster data with 1000 m resolution | http://bdc.casnw.net/yyzc/sj/250299.shtml, accessed on 1 December 2023 | Topsoil moisture factor (0–10 cm depth range) |
Monthly Precipitation Data | List data | http://data.cma.cn/, accessed on 18 November 2023 | Obtain rainfall erosion factor and annual average rainfall raster maps |
Soil Texture, Organic Matter, Depth | Raster data with 1000 m resolution | http://bdc.casnw.net/yyzc/sj/250299.shtml, accessed on 12 December 2023 | Basic parameter input for water yield and soil retention models |
Monthly Temperature, Precipitation, Radiation Data | List data | http://data.cma.cn/, accessed on 16 November 2023 | Obtain monthly average temperature, radiation raster data, and annual potential evaporation data |
Annual Meat, Grain Production, and Population Data | Statistical data | Qinghai Statistical Yearbook, China County Statistical Yearbook | Obtain grain and meat production and county population data |
Road Network Data | Vector data | http://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 8 December 2023 | Obtain road and railway data for 1995, 2012, and 2020 |
2020 Standard Map of China | Vector data | Ministry of Natural Resources (https://www.mnr.gov.cn/, accessed on 25 December 2023) | Obtain map with approval number GS(2020)4619 and county vector data |
PM2.5 Data | Statistical data | https://quotsoft.net/air/, accessed on 10 September 2023 | Obtain PM2.5 data for various periods across counties |
Dimension | Factor | Indicator Level | Indicator | Weight | SDG Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainability Foundation | Infrastructure | Road network density | 0.024 | Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) | |
Capital Status | Income Level | Regional GDP | 0.095 | No Poverty (SDG 1) | |
Grain Output | Total grain production | 0.065 | Zero Hunger (SDG 2) | ||
Capital Change | Major Investment | Total fixed asset investment | 0.113 | Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) | |
Consumer Spending | Total retail sales of consumer goods | 0.132 | Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12) | ||
Sustainability Acceleration | Quality Status | Education Level | Average years of schooling | 0.012 | Quality Education (SDG 4) |
Health Status | Mortality rate | 0.015 | Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3) | ||
Skill Level | Employment Status | Employment rate | 0.008 | Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8) | |
Information Transmission | Broadband access | 0.125 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9) | ||
Living Standard | Fixed Telephone Users | 0.063 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9) | ||
Quality of Life | Per capita total meat production | 0.029 | Zero Hunger (SDG 2) | ||
Sustainability Environment | Soft Environment | Government Investment | Local fiscal general budget expenditure | 0.067 | Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) |
Livelihood Opportunities | Number of industrial enterprises above designated size | 0.034 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9) | ||
Number of hospital beds | 0.061 | Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3) | |||
Hard Environment | Public Facility Allocation | Total collection of public libraries | 0.120 | Quality Education (SDG 4) | |
Number of sports venues | 0.021 | Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3) | |||
Air Quality | Average PM2.5 | 0.015 | Climate Action (SDG 13) |
Coupling Degree C Value | Coupling Type | CCD D Value | Coordination Type |
---|---|---|---|
0 ≤ ≤ 0.3 | Low-level coupling | 0 ≤ < 0.2 | Severe imbalance |
0.3 < ≤ 0.5 | Antagonistic phase | 0.2 ≤ < 0.4 | Moderate imbalance |
0.5 < ≤ 0.8 | Running-in phase | 0.4 ≤ < 0.6 | Basic coordination |
0.8 < ≤ 1 | High-level coupling | 0.6 ≤ < 0.8 | Moderate coordination |
—— | —— | 0.8 ≤ < 1 | High coordination |
Type | Relative Development Degree | Specific Classification |
---|---|---|
Relative Development Types | < 0.85 | ESs-lagging type |
< 1.25 | Synchronous development type | |
> 1.25 | SDL-lagging type |
Explanatory Variable | NPP | Water Yield | Soil Retention | Sand Fixation |
---|---|---|---|---|
VIF | 3.012 | 1.830 | 1.766 | 1.251 |
Tolerance | 0.332 | 0.546 | 0.566 | 0.799 |
GTWR | GWR | TWR | OLS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | 0.851 | 0.378 | 0.761 | 0.278 |
AICc | −57.095 | −48.807 | −89.523 | −61.354 |
RSS | 0.155 | 0.648 | 0.249 | 0.737 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.838 | 0.324 | 0.740 | —— |
County | NPP-SDGs | Water Yield-SDGs | Soil Retention-SDGs | Sand Fixation-SDGs | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chengdong District | 0.079 | 0.078 | 0.201 | 0.543 | Comprehensive Ecological Function Lagging Type |
Chengzhong District | 0.610 | 0.224 | 0.108 | 0.221 | Comprehensive Ecological Function Lagging Type |
Chengxi District | 0.183 | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.724 | Comprehensive Ecological Function Lagging Type |
Chengbei District | 0.297 | 0.067 | 0.238 | 1.884 | Water Yield Lagging Type |
Huangzhong County | 2.947 | 1.229 | 0.956 | 0.580 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Datong County | 2.810 | 1.414 | 2.825 | 0.528 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Huangyuan County | 4.414 | 2.789 | 6.425 | 2.086 | Comprehensive SDL Lagging Type |
Ledu District | 3.220 | 1.045 | 3.303 | 0.500 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Ping’an District | 3.229 | 1.323 | 0.584 | 0.416 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Minhe County | 2.802 | 0.881 | 2.088 | 0.700 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Huzhu County | 4.171 | 1.011 | 3.471 | 0.524 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Hualong County | 4.633 | 3.502 | 3.688 | 0.444 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Xunhua County | 6.966 | 5.586 | 1.753 | 0.547 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Menyuan County | 3.698 | 2.977 | 1.375 | 3.377 | Comprehensive SDL Lagging Type |
Tongren County | 8.574 | 8.574 | 5.486 | 1.083 | SDL Lagging in NPP-Water Yield-Soil Retention |
Jianzha County | 7.285 | 4.698 | 4.834 | 0.813 | Sand Fixation Lagging Type |
Guide County | 3.169 | 4.532 | 2.481 | 1.058 | SDL Lagging in NPP-Water Yield-Soil Retention |
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Wei, H.; Wang, K.; Ma, Y.; Meng, Q.; Yang, Y.; Liu, M. Exploring the Relationship between Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Development Goals for Ecological Conservation: A Case Study in the Hehuang Valley of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Diversity 2024, 16, 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090553
Wei H, Wang K, Ma Y, Meng Q, Yang Y, Liu M. Exploring the Relationship between Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Development Goals for Ecological Conservation: A Case Study in the Hehuang Valley of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Diversity. 2024; 16(9):553. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090553
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Hejie, Ke Wang, Yu Ma, Qingxiang Meng, Yi Yang, and Mengxue Liu. 2024. "Exploring the Relationship between Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Development Goals for Ecological Conservation: A Case Study in the Hehuang Valley of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau" Diversity 16, no. 9: 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090553