Long-Term Ringing Data on Migrating Passerines Reveal Overall Avian Decline in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Bird-Ringing Database and Species Selection
2.3. Modelling Population Dynamics and Trends
2.4. Recovery Analysis
2.5. Species Traits and Their Association to Population Trends
3. Results
3.1. Species Selection
3.2. Population Dynamics and Trends
3.3. Species Guilds
3.4. Population Trends within Species Guilds
4. Discussion
4.1. Population Trends of Passerines
4.2. Geographical Origin of Species
4.3. Common Trends in Trait Guilds
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species’ Trait Category and Trait Type | Abbreviation of Categories | Definition | Number of Species | Type of Statistical Data | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECOLOGICAL TRAITS | |||||
Cultural landscape | CL | Species living in cultural landscape | 27 | Categorical nominal | [63,64] |
Forest | FOR | Species living in forest | 36 | ||
Wetland | WET | Wetland specialists | 11 | ||
Diet | SEEDS | Seed-eating birds | 13 | ||
INVER | Species feeding on insects and other invertebrates | 61 | |||
MIGRATORY TRAITS, BREEDING AND ABUNDANCE STATUS | |||||
Migratory status in Europe | PAS | Passenger, including accidental passenger | 33 | Categorical nominal | [64,70,71,72] |
RES | Resident in Europe (in Slovenia: resident; resident and passenger; wintering species) | 31 | |||
NOM | Nomadic and irruptive species | 10 | |||
Migration distance | LM | Long-distance migrant: Sub-Saharan-Africa and Asia | 30 | ||
SM | Short-distance migrant | 35 | |||
NM | Non-migrant species | 9 | |||
Breeding status in Slovenia | RB | Regular breeder | 68 | ||
OB | Occasional breeder | 4 | |||
NB | Non-breeding species | 2 | |||
Breeding distribution range in Europe | CBE | Common breeder and widespread breeding species in most of Europe | 56 | ||
SBE | Species with scattered or restricted distribution to few parts of Europe | 18 | |||
LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS | |||||
Reproduction | avg. no. of annually produced eggs per pair * avg. no. of annual nests | [61,73,74,75,76,77,78,79] | |||
MP | Low productivity: 3.0–6.9 | 22 | Numerical and categorical ordinal | ||
LP | High productivity: 10.0–20.9 | 26 | |||
GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN | |||||
Geographical origin (recoveries according to position of Slovenia) | NE | North-Eastern | 11 (122 recoveries) | Categorical nominal | Analyses in this article |
NW | North-Western | 14 (149 recoveries) | |||
NN | North-Northern | 8 (80 recoveries) | |||
NNE | North-North-Eastern | 6 (54 recoveries) | |||
Latitude (N) | Numerical | Slovenian bird ringing database | |||
Longitude (E) | |||||
Migratory distance (recoveries) |
Species | Estimate (GAM) ± SE | F | DE (%) | Model Acceptance | Estimated Annual Growth Rate (GLM) | Trend | Trend-Match with Ref. Data |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acrocephalus arundinaceus | 0.698 ± 0.030 | 1.9 | 20.2 | yes | +0.013 *** | Increase | yes |
Acrocephalus melanopogon | 0.054 ± 0.009 | 4.0 * | 50.7 | yes | −0.089 *** | Decline | yes |
Acrocephalus palustris | 2.840 ± 0.095 | 16.0 *** | 85.7 | yes | −0.051 *** | Decline | yes |
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | 6.224 ± 0.219 | 2.2 | 67.3 | yes | +0.000 | Stable | yes |
Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 7.583 ± 0.347 | 8.6 * | 36.5 | yes | −0.027 *** | Decline | yes |
Aegithalos caudatus | 0.606 ± 0.031 | 3.3 * | 66.2 | yes | −0.038 *** | Decline | yes |
Anthus trivialis | 0.175 ± 0.005 | 10.8 ** | 45.4 | yes | −0.023 *** | Decline | yes |
Carduelis carduelis | 0.569 ± 0.054 | 3.3 * | 47.7 | yes | −0.023 *** | Decline | yes |
Certhia brachydactyla | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 6.2 * | 29.5 | yes | −0.059 *** | Decline | no |
Certhia familiaris | 0.041 ± 0.002 | 2.6 | 17.1 | yes | +0.020 *** | Increase | unknown |
Cettia cetti | 0.047 ± 0.003 | 5.9 ** | 81.6 | yes | −0.061 *** | Decline | yes |
Chloris chloris | 1.110 ± 0.034 | 5.8 * | 85.2 | yes | −0.011 * | Decline | yes |
Coccothraustes coccothraustes | 0.108 ± 0.011 | 2.2 | 13.3 | yes | +0.032 *** | Increase | yes |
Curruca communis | 0.929 ± 0.036 | 17.1 *** | 80.4 | yes | −0.049 *** | Decline | yes |
Curruca curruca | 0.545 ± 0.018 | 3.4 * | 70.4 | yes | −0.023 *** | Decline | yes |
Curruca nisoria | 0.045 ± 0.003 | 2.7 | 63.7 | yes | −0.039 *** | Decline | yes |
Cyanecula svecica | 0.087 ± 0.006 | 3.2 | 46.5 | yes | +0.013 *** | Increase | yes |
Cyanistes caeruleus | 2.291 ± 0.095 | 3.1 | 76.5 | yes | +0.002 | Stable | yes |
Delichon urbicum | 0.044 ± 0.005 | 9.7 ** | 92.2 | yes | −0.013 *** | Decline | yes |
Emberiza cia | 0.034 ± 0.003 | 29.5 *** | 66.3 | yes | −0.116 *** | Decline | yes |
Emberiza cirlus | 0.027 ± 0.001 | 4.9 * | 76.9 | yes | +0.040 *** | Increase | yes |
Emberiza citrinella | 0.197 ± 0.008 | 0.1 | 0.8 | no | - | Uncertain | unknown |
Emberiza schoeniclus | 1.314 ± 0.113 | 8.5 * | 36.4 | yes | −0.052 *** | Decline | yes |
Erithacus rubecula | 9.227 ± 0.340 | 4.5 * | 50.3 | yes | −0.023 *** | Decline | yes |
Ficedula hypoleuca | 0.216 ± 0.015 | 3.5 * | 66.3 | yes | −0.022 *** | Decline | yes |
Fringilla coelebs | 0.907 ± 0.059 | 5.8 ** | 58.7 | yes | −0.054 *** | Decline | yes |
Fringilla montifringilla | 0.222 ± 0.016 | 2.6 | 46.0 | yes | +0.026 *** | Increase | no |
Garrulus glandarius | 0.027 ± 0.001 | 4.9 * | 84.7 | yes | −0.018 *** | Decline | yes |
Hippolais icterina | 0.668 ± 0.062 | 8.1 ** | 47.5 | yes | −0.067 *** | Decline | yes |
Hippolais polyglotta | 0.017 ± 0.002 | 2.2 | 39.9 | yes | +0.057 *** | Increase | yes |
Hirundo rustica | 16.715 ± 2.785 | 1.2 | 39.8 | yes | −0.048 *** | Decline | yes |
Lanius collurio | 0.367 ± 0.018 | 7.9 ** | 74.7 | yes | −0.052 *** | Decline | yes |
Linaria cannabina | 0.074 ± 0.009 | 2.2 | 61.5 | yes | −0.007 | Stable | yes |
Locustella fluviatilis | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 7.4 ** | 54.9 | yes | −0.081 *** | Decline | yes |
Locustella luscinioides | 0.080 ± 0.006 | 3.5 * | 48.5 | yes | −0.022 *** | Decline | unknown |
Locustella naevia | 0.301 ± 0.020 | 8.9 ** | 56.5 | yes | −0.058 *** | Decline | yes |
Lophophanes cristatus | 0.126 ± 0.005 | 7.1 ** | 90.5 | yes | +0.048 *** | Increase | unknown |
Loxia curvirostra | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 3.4 * | 74.1 | yes | +0.043 *** | Increase | yes |
Luscinia luscinia | 0.051 ± 0.003 | 2.3 | 35.5 | yes | −0.031 *** | Decline | yes |
Luscinia megarhynchos | 0.351 ± 0.013 | 4.9 * | 64.6 | yes | +0.028 *** | Increase | yes |
Motacilla alba | 0.036 ± 0.009 | 1.3 | 38.1 | yes | −0.015 *** | Decline | yes |
Motacilla cinerea | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 3.7 * | 48.1 | yes | +0.048 *** | Increase | yes |
Motacilla flava | 0.087 ± 0.017 | 3.5 * | 62.6 | yes | +0.055 *** | Increase | yes |
Muscicapa striata | 0.145 ± 0.007 | 6.5 ** | 70.2 | yes | −0.023 *** | Decline | yes |
Oriolus oriolus | 0.013 ± 0.000 | 3.1 | 65.7 | yes | −0.026 *** | Decline | yes |
Parus major | 4.007 ± 0.239 | 0.4 | 3.5 | no | - | Uncertain | unknown |
Passer domesticus | 0.458 ± 0.024 | 4.4 * | 63.1 | yes | −0.040 *** | Decline | no |
Passer italiae | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 11.2 ** | 91.1 | yes | +0.093 *** | Increase | unknown |
Passer montanus | 2.248 ± 0.161 | 3.7 * | 45.8 | yes | −0.033 *** | Decline | yes |
Periparus ater | 1.929 ± 0.143 | 3.2 | 59.8 | yes | −0.009 *** | Decline | yes |
Phoenicurus ochruros | 0.067 ± 0.002 | 4.0 * | 72.5 | yes | +0.018 *** | Increase | yes |
Phoenicurus phoenicurus | 0.112 ± 0.005 | 3.6 * | 79.4 | yes | +0.024 *** | Increase | yes |
Phylloscopus collybita | 3.911 ± 0.156 | 3.7 * | 55.3 | yes | +0.009 *** | Increase | yes |
Phylloscopus sibilatrix | 0.993 ± 0.116 | 1.4 | 38.7 | yes | −0.018 *** | Decline | yes |
Phylloscopus trochilus | 0.507 ± 0.023 | 5.2 * | 48.2 | yes | −0.032 *** | Decline | yes |
Poecile montanus | 0.079 ± 0.002 | 10.1 ** | 93.5 | yes | +0.001 | Stable | unknown |
Poecile palustris | 0.233 ± 0.013 | 0.1 | 6.9 | no | - | Uncertain | unknown |
Prunella modularis | 11.087 ± 0.403 | 5.2 * | 28.6 | yes | −0.019 *** | Decline | yes |
Pyrrhula pyrrhula | 0.043 ± 0.001 | 4.4 * | 74.5 | yes | −0.010 *** | Decline | yes |
Regulus ignicapilla | 0.070 ± 0.005 | 1.9 | 45.5 | yes | +0.012 *** | Increase | yes |
Regulus regulus | 3.451 ± 0.148 | 6.4 * | 86.5 | yes | +0.003 | Stable | yes |
Remiz pendulinus | 0.517 ± 0.045 | 3.8 * | 74.4 | yes | −0.038 *** | Decline | unknown |
Riparia riparia | 0.185 ± 0.040 | 5.6 * | 27.2 | yes | −0.112 *** | Decline | unknown |
Saxicola rubetra | 0.088 ± 0.002 | 8.6 ** | 91.5 | yes | −0.012 *** | Decline | yes |
Saxicola rubicola | 0.074 ± 0.004 | 3.6 * | 78.9 | yes | −0.0541 *** | Decline | yes |
Serinus serinus | 0.190 ± 0.014 | 2.2 | 51.2 | yes | −0.006 | Stable | yes |
Sitta europaea | 0.054 ± 0.004 | 1.3 | 28.2 | yes | +0.027 *** | Increase | yes |
Spinus spinus | 2.199 ± 0.218 | 5.5 * | 85.6 | yes | −0.046 *** | Decline | yes |
Sturnus vulgaris | 0.303 ± 0.023 | 5.1 * | 85.3 | yes | +0.031 *** | Increase | no |
Sylvia atricapilla | 41.656 ± 1.257 | 3.6 | 40.3 | yes | −0.016 *** | Decline | yes |
Sylvia borin | 14.386 ± 0.432 | 9.1 ** | 91.0 | yes | −0.038 *** | Decline | yes |
Troglodytes troglodytes | 0.217 ± 0.012 | 2.6 | 61.2 | yes | +0.010 ** | Increase | yes |
Turdus merula | 1.298 ± 0.056 | 0.1 | 0.8 | no | - | Uncertain | unknown |
Turdus philomelos | 0.588 ± 0.042 | 0.5 | 3.3 | no | - | Uncertain | unknown |
Grouping by Species’ Traits | Estimate (GAM) ± SE | F | Deviance Explained (%) | Estimated Annual Growth Rate (GLM) | Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Habitat | |||||
Cultural landscape | 2.453 ± 0.059 | 9.6 ** | 65.9 | −0.025 *** | Decline |
Forest | 2.568 ± 0.077 | 1.6 | 11.3 | −0.008 * | Decline |
Wetland | 2.504 ± 0.071 | 17.7 *** | 74.5 | −0.039 *** | Decline |
Diet | |||||
Seed-eaters | 2.448 ± 0.078 | 1.4 | 10.1 | −0.008 * | Decline |
Invertebrate eaters | 2.451 ± 0.073 | 11.4 ** | 46.7 | −0.023 *** | Decline |
Migratory status in Europe | |||||
Passage migrants | 2.452 ± 0.074 | 8.1 ** | 55.6 | −0.027 *** | Decline |
Residents | 2.545 ± 0.061 | 3.1 | 62.9 | −0.018 ** | Decline |
Nomadic and irruptive species | 2.385 ± 0.110 | 0.4 | 11.7 | −0.001 *** | Decline |
Migration distance | |||||
Long-distance migrants | 2.525 ± 0.076 | 7.5 ** | 55.6 | −0.027 *** | Decline |
Short-distance migrant | 2.375 ± 0.068 | 3.2 | 20.0 | −0.012 ** | Decline |
Non-migrant species | 2.931 ± 0.085 | 4.5 * | 80.3 | −0.021 *** | Decline |
Breeding status in Slovenia | |||||
Regular breeder | 2.563 ± 0.065 | 11.7 ** | 47.5 | −0.020 *** | Decline |
Occasional breeder | 1.269 ± 0.059 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.001 | Uncertain |
Non-breeding species | 2.955 ± 0.101 | 3.4 * | 75.1 | −0.016 ** | Decline |
Breeding distribution range in Europe | |||||
Widespread | 2.423 ± 0.068 | 4.2 * | 44.4 | −0.019 *** | Decline |
Small or scattered range | 2.537 ± 0.063 | 10.4 ** | 64.6 | −0.026 *** | Decline |
Geographic origin of breeding populations | |||||
North-Eastern | 1.756 ± 0.057 | 2.2 | 70.0 | 0.005 | Stable |
North-Western | 2.392 ± 0.078 | 10.6 ** | 44.9 | −0.024 *** | Decline |
North-Northern | 3.060 ± 0.118 | 3.2 | 42.2 | −0.021 *** | Decline |
North-North-Eastern | 5.374 ± 0.191 | 5.3 * | 56.0 | −0.026 *** | Decline |
Productivity | |||||
Low productivity | 2.327 ± 0.073 | 13.8** | 51.6 | −0.027 *** | Decline |
High productivity | 2.797 ± 0.075 | 4.2 | 24.9 | −0.012 *** | Decline |
Species’ Trait Category or Trait Type | t | p |
---|---|---|
Habitat | −0.797 | 0.424 |
Diet | −0.753 | 0.451 |
Migratory status in Europe | 2.648 | 0.008 |
Migration distance | 2.028 | 0.042 |
Breeding status in Slovenia | 0.029 | 0.976 |
Breeding distribution range in Europe | −0.805 | 0.420 |
Productivity | 2.416 | 0.015 |
Actual migration distance (recoveries) | 1.541 | 0.123 |
Longitude (recoveries) | −1.839 | 0.065 |
Latitude (recoveries) | 2.475 | 0.013 |
Geographic origin of breeding populations (recoveries) | 0.999 | 0.317 |
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Petras, T.; Vrezec, A. Long-Term Ringing Data on Migrating Passerines Reveal Overall Avian Decline in Europe. Diversity 2022, 14, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110905
Petras T, Vrezec A. Long-Term Ringing Data on Migrating Passerines Reveal Overall Avian Decline in Europe. Diversity. 2022; 14(11):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110905
Chicago/Turabian StylePetras, Tina, and Al Vrezec. 2022. "Long-Term Ringing Data on Migrating Passerines Reveal Overall Avian Decline in Europe" Diversity 14, no. 11: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110905