Effect of Invasive Alien Species on the Co-Occurrence Patterns of Bryophytes and Vascular Plant Species—The Case of a Mediterranean Disturbed Sandy Coast
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design and Data Collection
2.3. Functional Traits
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | Range (min-max) |
Spatial coordinates—X | 545,048 | 544,534–545,797 |
Spatial coordinates—Y | 4,330,030 | 4,329,298–4,331,129 |
Altitude a.s.l. (m) | 2.03 | 0.51–13.55 |
Sea distance (m) | 131.96 | 32.36–343.81 |
Bare soil (%) | 28.69 | 0–100 |
IAS cover (%) | 1.39 | 0–100 |
Ratio Alien Cover/Total Cover | 0.09 | 0–1 |
IAS presence/absence | - | 0–1 |
Vegetation type (categorical, 4 levels) | Number of plots | |
bare soil | 26 | |
low scattered Mediterranean scrub | 12 | |
low Mediterranean scrub | 31 | |
tall Mediterranean scrub | 31 |
Vascular Plants | ||
*Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. | Erodium chium Sm. | Parapholis strigosa (Dumort.) C.E.Hubb. |
*Agave americana L. | Eryngium maritimum L. | Pistacia lentiscus L. |
*Carpobrotus sp. | Filago pygmaea L. | Plantago bellardii All. |
*Myoporum tetrandrum Domin | Galium parisiense L. | Plantago crassifolia Forssk. |
*Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. | Hedypnois cretica (L.) Willd. | Plantago lanceolata L. |
Artemisia arborescens L. | Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don | Polygonum maritimum L. |
Asparagus acutifolius L. | Inula crithmoides Spreng. | Rubia peregrina L. |
Asparagus stipularis Forssk. | Juncus acutus Retz. | Salicornia ramosissima J.Woods |
Asphodelus microcarpus Rchb. | Juncus maritimus E.Mey. | Salsola kali L. |
Cakile maritima Scop. | Juniperus oxycedrus var. macrocarpa (Sm.) Silba | Salsola soda L. |
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. | Juniperus phoenicea L. | Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J.Scott |
Cistus monspeliensis L. | Lagurus ovatus L. | Scabiosa maritima L. |
Clematis flammula L. | Limonium retirameum Greuter & Burdet | Senecio leucanthemifolius Phil. |
Crithmum maritimum L. | Lophochloa pubescens (Lam.) H.Scholz | Senecio vulgaris L. |
Crucianella maritima L. | Lotus cytisoides L. | Silene nicaeensis All. |
Cyperus capitatus Poir. | Minuartia geniculata Thell. | Silene nocturna L. |
Cyperus kalli (Forssk.) Murb. | Olea sylvestris Mill. | Sporobolus pungens Kunth |
Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis | Pancratium maritimum L. | Stipa capensis Thunb. |
Tolpis virgata (Desf.) Bertol. | ||
Bryophytes | ||
Barbula unguiculata Hedw. | Microbryum davallianum (Sm.) R.H.Zander | Tortella squarrosa (Brid.) Limpr. |
Bryum dichotomum Hedw. | Ptychostomum imbricatulum (Müll. Hal.) D. T. Holyoak et N. Pedersen | Tortula atrovirens (Sm.) Lindb. |
Bryum radiculosum Brid. | Tortella flavovirens (Bruch.) Broth. | Tortula lindbergii Broth. |
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. | Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. |
Vascular Plants vs. Bryophytes | Explained Variance | Cumulative % Explained Variance | Cross-Validatory Fit | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Axis 1 | 8.991 | 8.991 | 1.207 | <0.05 |
Axis 2 | 8.948 | 17.939 | 5.599 | <0.05 |
Axis 3 | 3.304 | 21.243 | 3.327 | <0.05 |
IAS Vascular plants vs. Bryophytes | ||||
Axis 1 | 4.485 | 4.485 | 1.528 | <0.05 |
Axis 2 | 1.403 | 5.888 | 1.156 | NS |
Axis 3 | 0.648 | 6.536 | 1.124 | NS |
Bryophytes Richness | Type of Variable | Coeff. | Explained Variability | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation type | Categoric (4 levels) | - | 13.68% | ** |
Bare soil | Quantitative | −0.0269 | 11.20% | *** |
IAS presence/absence | Binary | −1.378 | 5% | * |
RaoQ Functional Diversity | Type of Variable | Coeff. | Explained Variability | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation type | Categoric (4 levels) | - | 4.00% | ** |
Bare soil | Quantitative | 0.005 | 15.20% | *** |
Sea distance | Quantitative | −0.001 | 5.1% | * |
IAS cover | Quantitative | 0.001 | 4% | * |
IAS presence/absence | Binary | −0.024 | 6.5% | * |
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Marignani, M.; Lussu, M.; Murru, V.; Bacaro, G.; Cogoni, A. Effect of Invasive Alien Species on the Co-Occurrence Patterns of Bryophytes and Vascular Plant Species—The Case of a Mediterranean Disturbed Sandy Coast. Diversity 2020, 12, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040160
Marignani M, Lussu M, Murru V, Bacaro G, Cogoni A. Effect of Invasive Alien Species on the Co-Occurrence Patterns of Bryophytes and Vascular Plant Species—The Case of a Mediterranean Disturbed Sandy Coast. Diversity. 2020; 12(4):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040160
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarignani, Michela, Michele Lussu, Valeria Murru, Giovanni Bacaro, and Annalena Cogoni. 2020. "Effect of Invasive Alien Species on the Co-Occurrence Patterns of Bryophytes and Vascular Plant Species—The Case of a Mediterranean Disturbed Sandy Coast" Diversity 12, no. 4: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040160