Effects of Land Use Intensification on Avian Predator Assemblages: A Comparison of Landscapes with Different Histories in Northern Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. A Macroecological Approach Based on Multiple Landscapes
2.2. Three Spatial Scales
2.2.1. Landscapes with Different Land Management
2.2.2. Stratification of Landcovers
2.2.3. Avian Predator Counts
2.3. Proxy Data for the Local Diversity of Food for Predators
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Avian Predators in Different Landscapes
3.2. Avian Predators in Different Landcover Strata
3.3. Avian Predators and Local Resource Abundance
4. Discussion
4.1. Omnivorous Corvid Birds and Carnivorous Raptors
4.2. Multi-Scale Management of Patterns and Processes Affecting Habitat Networks
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case Study Landscape from West to East | Sweden | Lithuania | Belarus | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kristianstad | Östergötland | Mälardalen | Nemunas Delta | Turov | |
Latitude | 55°59′ N | 58°25′ N | 59°50′ N | 55°18′ N | 52°4′ N |
Longitude | 14°12′ E | 15°35′ E | 16°20′ E | 21°20′ E | 27°44′ E |
Area km2 | 1370 | 2146 | 2028 | 1318 | 1349 |
Biogeographical region | Temperate | Hemiboreal | Hemiboreal | Hemiboreal | Temperate |
Population density (n/km2) | 45 | 40 | 39 | 30 | 16 |
Population change 1965–2015 | 1.40 | 1.22 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 0.58 |
GDP per capita | 37648 | 39000 | 37492 | 30501 | 18804 |
Dominating focal and other landcovers (%) | |||||
Urban areas (URB) | 4.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
Agricultural land (AGR) | 34.3 | 28.6 | 26.0 | 33.9 | 16.9 |
Semi-natural grassland (GRASS) | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 31.7 | 37.1 |
Low forest (LOWF) | 15.7 | 21.9 | 18.2 | 7.7 | 14.2 |
Mixed forest (MIXF) | 11.5 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 7.0 | 7.2 |
High forest (HIGHF) | 6. 7 | 15.4 | 15.2 | 4.5 | 5.8 |
Other | 32.9 | 17.5 | 23.3 | 14.9 | 18.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Case Study Landscapes from West to East | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweden | Lithuania | Belarus | ||||
Type of variable | Kristianstad | Östergötland | Mälardalen | Nemunas Delta | Turov | |
Dependent | Corvid birds | 10.41 ± 1.25 | 4.56 ± 0.54 | 9.31 ± 1.14 | 2.57 ± 0.67 | 1.97 ± 0.43 |
Raptors | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.39 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | |
Independent | Livestock | 6.26 ± 1.08 | 3.74 ± 0.84 | 4.46 ± 0.81 | 10.30 ± 1.31 | 8.01 ± 2.95 |
Horses | 0.63 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | |
Cows | 4.29 ± 0.93 | 3.04 ± 0.83 | 3.67 ± 0.77 | 10.07 ± 1.30 | 7.64 ± 2.95 | |
Sheep | 0.92 ± 0.37 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.21 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | |
Farms | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | |
Manure | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | |
Recreational areas | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
Corvids | Raptors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regressor | Chi-Square Test | Df | p-Value | Chi-Square Test | Df | p-Value |
Landscape | 189.5 | 4 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 25.6 | 4 | 3.8 × 10−5 *** |
Landcover strata | 163.1 | 5 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 82.6 | 5 | 2.3 × 10−16 *** |
Landscape and landcover strata | 36.1 | 20 | 0.015 * | −1.84 | 20 | 0.091 |
Manure (sqrt) | 8.3 | 1 | 0.004 ** | −0.08 | 1 | 0.649 |
Farms (sqrt) | 4.1 | 1 | 0.044 * | −0.07 | 1 | 0.596 |
Total Stock (sqrt) | 5.1 | 1 | 0.025 * | 0.04 | 1 | 0.127 |
Horses | 3.9 | 1 | 0.046 * | - | - | - |
Cows | 4.1 | 1 | 0.044 * | - | - | - |
Corvids | PCA 1 | PCA 2 | Raptors | PC 1 | PC 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jackdaw | 0.80 | 0.02 | White-tailed Eagle | 0.31 | −0.12 |
Crow | 0.79 | 0.16 | Lesser Spotted Eagle | 0.06 | −0.60 |
Raven | −0.76 | −0.28 | Short-toed Eagle | 0.04 | 0.41 |
Rook | 0.24 | 0.67 | Red Kite | 0.32 | −0.26 |
Magpie | 0.89 | −0.07 | Black Kite | −0.19 | 0.31 |
Jay | −0.27 | 0.90 | Marsh Harrier | 0.35 | 0.16 |
Horses | 0.97 | −0.09 | Hen Harrier | 0.34 | 0.19 |
Cows | −0.88 | 0.41 | Montagu’s Harrier | 0.28 | 0.36 |
Manure | −0.31 | 0.86 | Buzzard | 0.32 | 0.09 |
Farms | 0.24 | 0.33 | Sparrowhawk | −0.19 | 0.31 |
Corvids Total | 0.58 | 0.53 | Kestrel | 0.32 | 0.03 |
Hobby | 0.31 | −0.06 | |||
Peregrine Falcon | 0.32 | 0.05 |
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Manton, M.; Angelstam, P.; Naumov, V. Effects of Land Use Intensification on Avian Predator Assemblages: A Comparison of Landscapes with Different Histories in Northern Europe. Diversity 2019, 11, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050070
Manton M, Angelstam P, Naumov V. Effects of Land Use Intensification on Avian Predator Assemblages: A Comparison of Landscapes with Different Histories in Northern Europe. Diversity. 2019; 11(5):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050070
Chicago/Turabian StyleManton, Michael, Per Angelstam, and Vladimir Naumov. 2019. "Effects of Land Use Intensification on Avian Predator Assemblages: A Comparison of Landscapes with Different Histories in Northern Europe" Diversity 11, no. 5: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050070