Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Noninvasive Early Detection of Plant, Animal and Human Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomarker Metabolite Electronic-Nose Signatures
3. Electronic-Nose Detection of Biotic Diseases
3.1. Plant Disease Detection
3.2. Animal Disease Detection
3.3. Human Disease Detection
Volatile Organic Compound -Biomarkers of Human Diseases
4. Future Electronic-Nose Technologies for Improved Disease Diagnostics
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease 1 | Pathogen | Host 2 | Location | Biomarkers | Chemical Class | Molecular Structure | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fire blight | Erwinia amylovora | Apple | Leaves | Phenylethyl alcohol | Benzene alcohol | | [33,34] |
Gray mold | Botrytis cinerea | Tomato | Leaves | α-Copaene | Tricyclic sesquiterpene | | [35] |
Powdery mildew | Oidium neolycopersici | Tomato | Leaves | 1-Fluorododecane | Fluoro-aliphatic HC | | [36] |
Bovine tuberculosis | Mycobacterium bovis | Cattle | Lungs | 1,3-Dimethylbutyl cycloalkane | Cycloalkane | | [37] |
Infective endocarditis | Staphylococcus spp. | Human | Heart | Methanethiol | Organosulfur | | [38,39,40,41] |
COPD, CF | Abiotic, noninfectious | Human | Lungs | Nitrotyrosine | Tyrosine deriv. | | [42] |
Plant Hosts 1 | Plant Part/Location | Disease Type | Pathogens/Pests | E-nose Model | E-nose Type/Sensor No. 2 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple | Fruit | Post-harvest rot | Unspecified | FOX 4000 | MOS 18 | [81] |
Leaves; shoots | Fire blight, Bacterial blast | Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae | EOS-507C/PEN3 | MOS 6, MOS 10 | [34] | |
Leaves | Fire blight | Erwinia amylovora | EOS-835 | MOS 6 | [74] | |
Barley | Grain | Toxigenic infestation | Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium. graminearum, Fusarium culmorum | VCM 422 | MOSFET 10, MOS 6, Gascard CO2 1 | [82] |
Basswood | Wood | Bacterial wetwood | Anaerobic bacteria | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [83] |
Beech, Black cherry | Wood | Bacterial wetwood | Anaerobic bacteria | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [84] |
Blueberry | Fruit | Fruit rot | Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria species | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [85] |
Fruit | Quality rating | unspecified | TGS 822 | MOS 2 | [86] | |
Corn | Grain | Aflatoxins | Aspergillus flavus | PEN 2 | MOS 10 | [87,88] |
Toxigenic infestation | Fusarium verticillioides | EOS 835 | MOS 6 | [89] | ||
Cotton | Bolls | Wounding | Anthonomus grandis | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [90] |
Cottonwood | Wood | Bacterial wetwood | Clostridium spp. | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [10] |
Cucumber | Leaves | Spider mite | Unidentified | Bloodhound ST214 | CP 14 | [66] |
Elm | Wood | Bacterial wetwood | Anaerobic bacteria | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [83] |
Grape | Root | Root galls | Agrobacterium vitis | PEN 3 | MOS 10 | [91,92] |
Kiwi | Fruit | Bacterial canker | Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae | EOS-507C/PEN3 | MOS 6, MOS10 | [76] |
Fruit rot | Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | EOS 835 | MOS 6 | [93] | ||
Oaks | Sapwood | Oak wilt | Ceratocystis fagacearum | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [10,94] |
Roots | Root rots | Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Heterobasidion annosum | PEN3 | MOS 10 | [95] | |
Bole | Wood decay | Many wood decay fungi | Aromascan A32S, LibraNose 2.1, PEN 3 | CP 32, QMB 8, MOS 10 | [10,77] | |
Oil palm | Lower bole | Basal stem rot | Ganoderma boninense | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [62] |
Onion | Bulbs | Sour skin | Burkholderiacepacia | Owlstone | FAIMS | [96] |
Orange | Fruit | Citrus greening | Liberibacter asiaticus | Agilent 6890 GC | MS 1 | [97] |
Fruit rot | Penicillium spp. | LibraNose 2.1 | QMB 8 | [98] | ||
Ornamental palm | Crown, trunk, leaves | Wounding | Rhynchophorus ferrugineous | PEN 3 | MOS 10 | [63] |
Pear | Fruit | Post-harvest rot | Unspecified | FOX 4000 | MOS 18 | [81] |
Pepper | Plants | Wounding | Unidentified | Bloodhound ST214 | CP 14 | [66] |
Pine | Wood in service | Wood decay | Serpula lacrymans | Prototype | CP 10 | [99] |
Potato | Tubers | Storage soft rot | Ralstonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis spp. sepedonicus, Pectobacterium species | Prototype | MOS 8 | [100] |
Ralstonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis spp. sepedonicus | PEN 3 | MOS 10 | [101] | |||
Pectobacterium carotovorum | WOLF 4.1 | EC 9, NDIR 2 | [102] | |||
Rice | Stalks | Wilting | Nilaparvata lugens | PEN 2 | MOS 10 | [103,104] |
Strawberry | Fruit | Fruit rot | Botrytis, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. | PEN 3 | MOS 10 | [105] |
Tomato | Leaves | Powdery mildew | Oidium neolycopersici | Bloodhound ST214 | CP 14 | [66] |
Seedling | Gray mold | Botrytis cinerea | PEN 2 | MOS 10 | [106] | |
Wheat | Grain | Decay | Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium verticillioides | LibraNose 2.1 | QMB 8 | [107] |
Fusarium spp. | Prototype | QMB 8 | [108] | |||
Rhyzopertha dominica | PEN 2 | MOS 10 | [109] |
Animal 1 | Disease 2 | VOC Sample Type | Pathogens/Pests/Disorder | E-nose Model | E-nose Type, Sensor No. 3 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Badgers (Eurasian) | Bovine TB | Blood serum | Mycobacterium bovis | Bloodhound BH-114 | CP 14 | [126] |
Bats (cave-dwelling) | White-nose syndrome (WNS) | Pure culture of pathogen isolated from bat skin | Pseudogymnoascus destructans | Heracles II | GC-FID 1, MOS 100s | [127,128] |
Catfish | Flesh off-flavor | Filleted meat | Geosmin-producing aquatic Actinomycetes | Aromascan A32S | CP 32 | [129] |
Chicken | Salmonella contamination (SC) | Meat product | Salmonella typhimurium | Spreeta | SPRB | [130] |
Cows (cattle) | BRD | Blood serum | Mannheimia haemolytica | Bloodhound ST-214 | CP 13 | [131] |
Bovine TB | Blood serum | Mycobacterium bovis | Bloodhound BH-114 | CP 14 | [126] | |
Exhaled breath | Mycobacterium bovis | NA-NOSE | GNP 6 | [37] | ||
Hyperketonaemia | Exhaled breath, milk | Metabolic disorder | Metabolomics | MS | [132] | |
Rats | ALF | Exhaled breath | Liver cell necrosis, ischemia | eNose | MOS 8 | [133] |
Sheep | CM | Skin | Lucilia cuprina (fly larvae) | Prototype | MOS 6 | [134] |
Disease Name 1 | Location 2 | VOC Sample Type | Pathogen/Disorder 2 | e-Nose Model | e-Nose Type, Sensor No. 3 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABI | Lung | Exhaled-air cultures | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [174,175] |
ALS | Muscles | Exhaled breath | Neurodegenerative muscular disease | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [176] |
ARDS | Lung | Exhaled breath | Lung inflammation | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [177] |
Arthritis | Joints | Exhaled breath | Joint inflammation | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [178] |
Asthma | Lung | Exhaled breath | Bronchial inflammation & obstruction | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [179] |
Lung | Exhaled breath | Bronchial inflammation & obstruction | Prototype, NIOX | QMB 8, NOS 1 | [180] | |
Bacteriuria | Urinary tract | Urine | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis | Osmetech Microbial Analyzer | CP 4 | [181] |
BAD | Bowel | Urine | Bile acid malabsorption | Fox 4000 | MOS 18 | [182] |
BV | Vagina | Intravaginal swab culture | Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis | Osmetech Microbial Analyzer | CP 4 | [183] |
Cancer | Lung | Exhaled breath | Abnormal cell growth | Prototype | QMB 8 | [184] |
CF | Lung | Exhaled breath | Genetic disease of the mucus and sweat glands | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [185] |
COPD | Lung | Lung bacterial cultures | Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, gram negative-bacilli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Candida species, Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [174] |
CKD | Kidney | Exhaled breath | Multiple causes | Prototype | MOS 6 | [186] |
CRC | Colon | Urine | Abnormal cell growth | WOLF | EC 8, NDIR 2, PID 1 | [187] |
Colon | Fecal | Abnormal cell growth | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [188] | |
Colon | Breath | Abnormal cell growth | Prototype | GNP 14 | [189] | |
DFI | Foot | Wound bacterial cultures | Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [190] |
DM | Systemic | Exhaled breath | Insufficient insulin production | Prototype | MOS 6 | [186] |
EI | Eye | Eye swab broth cultures | Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [191] |
ENT | Ear, nose, & throat | Sputum swab cultures | Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [191] |
HNC | Head, neck | Breath | Cancer | NA-NOSE | GNP 5 | [192] |
IBD | Intestine | Urine | Unknown cause | Owlstone | FAIMS | [193] |
Colon | Fecal | Unknown cause | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [194] | |
Colon | Urine | Unknown cause | WOLF | EC 8, NDIR 2, PID 1 | [186] | |
IBS | Colon | Fecal | Gastrointestinal disorder | Prototype | GC-MOS 1 | [195] |
Colon | Aveolar breath | Gastrointestinal disorder | V&F Airsense | IMR-MS | [196] | |
ID | Colon | Fecal | Gastroenteritis | Prototype | GC-MOS 1 | [197] |
IEC | Heart | Oral cavity air | Bacterial inflammation of the endocardium | Prototype | MOS 6 | [198] |
ILD | Lung | Exhaled breath | Unknown cause | NIOX | NOS 1 | [199] |
IPA | Lungs | Exhaled breath | Aspergillus species | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [160,200] |
IRC | Teeth | Root canal culture | Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides species | Shimadzu FF-1 | MOS 10 | [201] |
LOS | Systemic | Fecal | Bacteremia | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [202] |
MPM | Lung | Exhaled breath | Cancer of pleura tissue caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [177,203] |
NEC | Colon | Fecal | Unknown cause | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [204] |
PA | Joints | Exhaled breath | Inflammatory joint disease | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [178] |
PD | Systemic | Exhaled breath | Neurodegenerative disease | Prototype | GNP, CNT 40 | [205] |
Pneumoconiosis | Lung | Exhaled breath | Occupational inhalation of dust causing inflammation | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [206] |
Pneumonia (bacterial) | Lung | Exhaled breath | Bacterial lung infection | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [207] |
Lung | Exhaled breath | Bacterial lung infection | Prototype | BS | [208] | |
PS | Lung | Exhaled breath | Systemic granulomatous disease | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [209] |
RA | Joints | Exhaled breath | Inflammatory joint disease | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [178] |
SI | Skin, others | Skin swab culture | Staphylococcus aureus | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [210] |
TB | Lung | Exhaled air | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | DiagNose | MOS 12 | [157] |
Ulcer | Stomach | Exhaled breath | Helicobacter pylori | Prototype | NH4 | [211] |
URTI | Upper respiratory tract | Exhaled breath | Bacterial pathogens | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [212] |
UTI | Urinary tract | Urine | Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella species | ChemPro 100i | IMS 8, MOS 6 | [213] |
VAP | Lung | Exhaled air | Bacterial pathogens | Cyranose 320 | CBPC 32 | [207,214] |
Lung | Exhaled breath | Bacterial pathogens | DiagNose | MOS 3 | [215] | |
WI | Skin | Skin wound cultures | Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Prototype | MOS 6, EC 1 | [216] |
Skin | Skin wound cultures | Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens | ChemPro 100i | IMS 8, MOS 6 | [217] |
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Wilson, A.D. Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Noninvasive Early Detection of Plant, Animal and Human Diseases. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040045
Wilson AD. Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Noninvasive Early Detection of Plant, Animal and Human Diseases. Chemosensors. 2018; 6(4):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040045
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilson, Alphus Dan. 2018. "Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Noninvasive Early Detection of Plant, Animal and Human Diseases" Chemosensors 6, no. 4: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040045