The Memory T Cell “Communication Web” in Context with Gastrointestinal Disorders—How Memory T Cells Affect Their Surroundings and How They Are Influenced by It
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characterisation of Memory T Cells
3. Central and Effector Memory T Cells
4. Tissue Resident Memory T Cells
5. Memory T Cells and Their Role in Gut-Related Diseases
6. The Memory T Cell Networking System
6.1. Interaction with Microbiota—Regulatory Proteins and Metabolites
6.2. Interaction with Other Cell Types and Compartments
7. Therapeutical Approaches
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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mT Cell Subset | Interacting with | Cytokines/ Mediators Involved | Type of Interaction | Impact on Inflammation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD39+ CD73+ TRMs | DCs | ATP | TRMs can degrade ATP released by bacteria preventing DC activation | anti-inflammatory | [78,89,90] |
CD103+ TRMs | Paneth cells | IL22 | TRMs release IL22 leading to Paneth cell stimulation and release of antimicrobial peptides | anti-inflammatory | [92,93] |
CD103+ TRMs | CCR6+ cells | CCL20 | CCL20 expressed by TRMs can attract CCR6+ cells | dichotomic | [92] |
TRMs | Tregs | TGF-β1 | Recruited Tregs lead to production of bioavailable TGF-β1 production and development of TRMs | under pro-inflammatory conditions | [96,97] |
TEMs | DCs and macrophages | CD40L, TNFα | TEMs expressing CD40L and TNFα activate myeloid cells | pro-inflammatory | [99] |
TRMs | Monocytes | IL10, TGF-β | IL10 stimulates monocytes to secrete TGF-β leading to upregulation of CD103 | — | [100] |
CD4+ TRMs | Microbiota (bacterial species associated with IBD) | TNFα, IL2, IL17A | Upon microbiota sensing, TRMs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines | pro-inflammatory | [83] |
CD8+ TRMs | Commensals/pathogenic microorganisms | IFNγ | Microorganisms directly evoke TRMs leading to IFNγ signalling | pro-inflammatory | [76] |
CD8+ TRMs | Microbiota | SCFAs (butyrate, acetate) | Microbiota can induce the CD8+ T cell to CD8+ TRM transition and increased memory properties | — | [87,88] |
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Knauss, A.; Gabel, M.; Neurath, M.F.; Weigmann, B. The Memory T Cell “Communication Web” in Context with Gastrointestinal Disorders—How Memory T Cells Affect Their Surroundings and How They Are Influenced by It. Cells 2022, 11, 2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11182780
Knauss A, Gabel M, Neurath MF, Weigmann B. The Memory T Cell “Communication Web” in Context with Gastrointestinal Disorders—How Memory T Cells Affect Their Surroundings and How They Are Influenced by It. Cells. 2022; 11(18):2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11182780
Chicago/Turabian StyleKnauss, Annkathrin, Michael Gabel, Markus F. Neurath, and Benno Weigmann. 2022. "The Memory T Cell “Communication Web” in Context with Gastrointestinal Disorders—How Memory T Cells Affect Their Surroundings and How They Are Influenced by It" Cells 11, no. 18: 2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11182780