Regulation of Tumor Metabolism and Extracellular Acidosis by the TIMP-10–CD63 Axis in Breast Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. shRNA Mediated Knockdown
2.3. Reagents and Antibodies
2.4. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Analysis
2.5. Protein Expression Profile
2.6. Gene Expression Analysis
2.7. Glucose Uptake Assay
2.8. Measurement of Lactate Concentration
2.9. Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX) Activity Measurements
2.10. Respiration Assay
2.11. Extracellular pH Analysis
2.12. Cell Survival and Apoptosis Assay
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. TIMP1 Levels Correlate with a Metabolic Shift in the Breast Cancer Cell Progression Model
3.2. The TIMP-1–CD63 Signaling Axis Is Critical for Breast Cancer Metabolic Switch
3.3. TIMP-1 and CAIX Are Co-Expressed in Breast Cancer Cells
3.4. CAIX Is a Critical Determinant of Extracellular Acidification in Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells
3.5. The TIMP-1–CD63 Axis Regulates CAIX Expression in Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells
3.6. CAIX Is Critical for TIMP-1–CD63-Mediated Cell Survival in Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Najy, A.J.; Jung, Y.-S.; Kim, S.; Fridman, R.; Kim, H.-R.C. Regulation of Tumor Metabolism and Extracellular Acidosis by the TIMP-10–CD63 Axis in Breast Carcinoma. Cells 2021, 10, 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102721
Najy AJ, Jung Y-S, Kim S, Fridman R, Kim H-RC. Regulation of Tumor Metabolism and Extracellular Acidosis by the TIMP-10–CD63 Axis in Breast Carcinoma. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102721
Chicago/Turabian StyleNajy, Abdo J., Young-Suk Jung, Seongho Kim, Rafael Fridman, and Hyeong-Reh C. Kim. 2021. "Regulation of Tumor Metabolism and Extracellular Acidosis by the TIMP-10–CD63 Axis in Breast Carcinoma" Cells 10, no. 10: 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102721