Bird Assemblages in a Peri-Urban Landscape in Eastern India
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Survey and Avifaunal Sampling
2.3. Nonparametric Richness Estimation
2.4. Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance
2.5. Bird Assemblage and Similarity
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness and Diversity
3.2. Bird Rank-Abundance
3.3. Similarity and Shared Species Richness
3.4. Feeding Guilds and Functional Diversity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Family | Scientific Name | Common Name | Abbreviation of Common Name | IUCN Status | Guild | CL | RA | SF | WB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psittacidae | Psittacula eupatria | Alexandrine Parakeet | ap | NT | F | 0 | 32 | 15 | 0 |
Alaudidae | Eremopterix griseus | Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark | acsl | LC | G | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cisticolidae | Prinia socialis | Ashy Prinia | asp | LC | I | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cuculidae | Eudynamysscolopaceus | Asian Koel | ak | LC | O | 0 | 11 | 6 | 0 |
Ciconiidae | Anastomus oscitans | Asian Openbill | aop | LC | C | 24 | 0 | 0 | 101 |
Apodidae | Cypsiurus balasiensis | Asian Palm Swift | aps | LC | I | 74 | 28 | 0 | 64 |
Monarchidae | Terpsiphone paradisi | Indian Paradise-flycatcher | ipfc | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Sturnidae | Gracupica contra | Asian Pied Starling | apst | LC | O | 103 | 82 | 27 | 59 |
Sturnidae | Acridotheres ginginianus | Bank Myna | bm | LC | O | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 |
Hirundinidae | Hirundo rustica | Barn Swallow | bs | LC | I | 43 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
Ploceidae | Plocus philippinus | Baya Weaver | bw | LC | G | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Laniidae. | Lanius vittatus | Bay-backed Shrike | bbs | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
Dirucadae | Dicrurus macrocercus | Black Drongo | bd | LC | I | 40 | 37 | 38 | 14 |
Estrildidae | Lonchura malacca | Black-headed Munia | bhm | LC | G | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Accipitridae | Milvus migrans | Black kite | bk | LC | C | 4 | 15 | 0 | 4 |
Accipitridae | Elanus axillaris | Black-shouldered Kite | bsk | LC | C | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Campephagidae | Lalage melanoptera | Black-headed Cuckooshrike | bhcs | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Oriolidae | Oriolus xanthornus | Black-hooded Oriole | bho | LC | O | 0 | 23 | 16 | 11 |
Oriolidae | Oriolus chinensis | Black-naped Oriole | bno | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Picidae | Dinopium benghalense | Black-rumped Woodpecker | brw | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
Columbidae | Columba livia | Rock Dove | rd | LC | G | 90 | 191 | 0 | 0 |
Megalaimidae | Psilopogon asiatica | Blue-throated Barbet | btb | LC | F | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
Meropidae | Nyctyornis athertoni | Blue-bearded Bee-eater | bbbe | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Turnicidae | Turnix sylvaticus | Common Buttonquail | cbq | LC | O | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sturnidae | Sturnia pagodarum | Brahminy Starling | bst | LC | O | 12 | 34 | 37 | 0 |
Dirucadae | Dicrurus aeneus | Bronzed Drongo | brd | LC | I | 3 | 13 | 10 | 0 |
Jacanidae | Metopidius indicus | Bronze-winged Jacana | bwj | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 |
Laniidae. | Lanius cristatus | Brown Shrike | brs | LC | I | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Megalaimidae | Psilopogon zeylanicus | Brown-headed Barbet | bhb | LC | F | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Ardeidae | Bubulcus ibis | Cattle Egret | ce | LC | I | 147 | 118 | 96 | 0 |
Meropidae | Merops leschenaulti | Chestnut-headed Bee-eater | chbe | LC | I | 45 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
Sturnidae | Sturnia malabarica | Chestnut-tailed Starling | cts | LC | O | 20 | 117 | 121 | 0 |
Phylloscopidae | Phylloscopus collybita | Common Chiffchaff | cc | LC | I | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Rallidae | Fulica atra | Common Coot | cct | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 |
Cuculidae | Hierococcyx varius | Common Hawk-Cuckoo | chc | LC | I | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
Upupidae | Upupa epops | Eurasian Hoopoe | eh | LC | I | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aegithinidae | Aegithina tiphia | Common Iora | ci | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
Alcedinidae | Alcedo atthis | Common Kingfisher | ck | LC | C | 9 | 8 | 0 | 40 |
Rallidae | Gallinula chloropus | Common Moorhen | cmh | LC | O | 0 | 8 | 0 | 58 |
Sturnidae | Acridotheres tristis | Common Myna | cm | LC | O | 76 | 66 | 64 | 57 |
Scolopacidae | Actitis hypoleucos | Common Sandpiper | csp | LC | I | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scolopacidae | Gallinago gallinago | Common Snipe | csn | LC | I | 12 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
Cisticolidae | Orthotomus sutorius | Common Tailorbird | ctb | LC | I | 5 | 35 | 0 | 0 |
Megalaimidae | Megalaima haemacephala | Coppersmith Barbet | csb | LC | F | 0 | 18 | 25 | 0 |
Anatidae | Nettapus coromandelianus | Indian Pygmy Goose | ipg | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 166 |
Accipitridae | Spilornis cheela | Crested Serpent-Eagle | cse | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Motacillidae | Motacilla citreola | Citrine Wagtail | cw | LC | I | 13 | 9 | 7 | 2 |
Phylloscopidae | Phylloscopus fuscatus | Dusky Warbler | dw | LC | I | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 |
Columbidae | Streptopelia tranquebarica | Red Collared-Dove | rcd | LC | G | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Columbidae | Streptopelia decaocto | Eurasian Collared-Dove | ecd | LC | G | 52 | 0 | 54 | 0 |
Oriolidae | Oriolus oriolus | Eurasian Golden Oriole | ego | LC | O | 0 | 23 | 18 | 6 |
Motacillidae | Dendronanthus indicus | Forest Wagtail | fw | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
Picidae | Dendrocopos macei | Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker | fbw | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Cuculidae | Centropus sinensis | Greater Coucal | gc | LC | O | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0 |
Picidae | Chrysocolaptes guttcristatus | Greater Golden-backed Woodpecker | ggbw | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
Meropidae | Merops orientalis | Green Bee-eater | gbe | LC | I | 51 | 81 | 66 | 30 |
Cuculidae | Phaenicophaeus tristis | Green-billed Malkoha | gbm | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Motacillidae | Motacilla cinerea | Grey Wagtail | gw | LC | I | 10 | 10 | 7 | 0 |
Corvidae | Corvus splendens | House Crow | hc | LC | O | 0 | 6 | 0 | 47 |
Passeridae | Passer domesticus | House Sparrow | hs | LC | G | 37 | 79 | 0 | 0 |
Apodidae | Apus nipalensis | House Swift | hsw | LC | I | 0 | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Caprimulg | Caprimulgus asiaticus | Indian Nightjar | inj | LC | I | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ardeidae | Ardeola grayii | Indian Pond-Heron | ph | LC | C | 21 | 21 | 0 | 29 |
Muscicapidae | Saxicoloides fulicatus | Indian Robin | iro | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
Coraciidae | Coracias benghalensis | Indian Roller | irl | LC | C | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cuculidae | Clamator jacobinus | Jacobin Cuckoo | jc | LC | I | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Accipitridae | Aviceda jerdoni | Jerdon’s Baza | jb | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Timaliidae | Turoides striata | Jungle Babbler | jbb | LC | O | 27 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Sturnidae | Acridotheres fuscus | Jungle Myna | jm | LC | O | 29 | 57 | 0 | 0 |
Campephagidae | Coracina javensis | Large Cuckooshrike | lcs | LC | I | 7 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Ardeidae | Ardea alba | Great Egret | ge | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Anatidae | Dendrocygna javanica | Lesser Whistling Duck | lwd | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 0 | 461 |
Ardeidae | Egretta garzetta | Little Egret | leg | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
Podicipedidae | Tachybaptus ruficollis | Little Grebe | lg | LC | C | 0 | 7 | 0 | 275 |
Muscicapidae | Copsychus saularis | Oriental Magpie-Robin | omr | LC | I | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 |
Alaudidae | Alauda gulgula | Oriental Sky Lark | osl | LC | G | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Zosteropidae | Zosterops palpebrosus | Oriental White-eye | owe | LC | O | 0 | 8 | 44 | 0 |
Motacillidae | Anthus rufulus | Paddyfield Pipit | pfp | LC | I | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jacanidae | Hydrophasianus chirurgus | Pheasant-tailed Jacana | ptj | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61 |
Alcedinidae | Ceryle rudis | Pied Kingfisher | pk | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Cisticolidae | Prinia inornata | Plain Prinia | pp | LC | I | 21 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Psittacidae | Psittacula cyanocephala | Pulm-headed Parakeet | php | LC | F | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
Nectariniidae | Cinnyris asiaticus | Purple Sunbird | psb | LC | N | 38 | 60 | 0 | 15 |
Nectariniidae | Leptocoma zeylonica | Purple-rumped Sunbird | prsb | LC | N | 28 | 57 | 0 | 15 |
Dirucadae | Dicrurus paradiseus | Greater Racket-tailed Drongo | lrtd | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
Hirundininae | Cecropis daurica | Red-rumped Swallow | rrsw | LC | I | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pycnonotidae | Pycnonotus cafer | Red-vented Bulbul | rvb | LC | O | 20 | 45 | 98 | 20 |
Pycnonotidae | Pycnonotus jocosus | Red-whiskered Bulbul | rwb | LC | O | 11 | 18 | 52 | 7 |
Psittacidae | Psittacula krameri | Rose-ringed Parakeet | rrp | LC | F | 18 | 24 | 75 | 0 |
Sturnidae | Pastor roseus | Rosy Starling | rs | LC | O | 36 | 63 | 0 | 0 |
Corvidae | Dendrocitta vagabunda | Rufous Treepie | rtp | LC | O | 0 | 37 | 32 | 10 |
Picidae | Micropternus brachyurus | Rufous Woodpecker | rw | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Estrildidae | Lonchura punctulata | Scaly-breasted Munia | sbm | LC | G | 47 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Accipitridae | Accipiter badius | Shikra | sk | LC | C | 6 | 18 | 12 | 6 |
Accipitridae | Circaetus gallicus | Short-toed Snake Eagle | stse | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Columbidae | Spilopelia chinensis | Spotted Dove | sd | LC | G | 68 | 51 | 54 | 19 |
Strigidae | Athene brama | Spotted Owlet | so | LC | C | 0 | 17 | 6 | 3 |
Alcedinidae | Pelargopsis capensis | Stork-billed Kingfisher | sbk | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Dicaeidae | Dicaeum agile | Thick-billed Flowerpecker | tbfp | LC | O | 0 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
Muscicapidae | Ficedula albicilla | Taiga Flycatcher | tfc | LC | I | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Muscicapidae | Eumyias thalassinus | Asian Verditer Flycatcher | avfc | LC | I | 4 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Rallidae | Amaurornis phoenicurus | White-breasted Waterhen | wbwh | LC | O | 25 | 26 | 0 | 0 |
Alcedinidae | Halcyon smyrnensis | White-throated Kingfisher | wtk | LC | C | 12 | 20 | 0 | 16 |
Motacillidae | Motacilla alba | White Wagtail | ww | LC | I | 15 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
Dirucadae | Dicrurus caerulescens | White-bellied Drongo | wbd | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
Artamidae | Artamus cyanopterus | Dusky Woodswallow | dws | LC | I | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 |
Sylviidae | Chysomma sinense | Yellow-eyed Babbler | yeb | LC | I | 11 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Columbidae | Treron phoenicopterus | Yellow-legged Green Pigeon | ylgp | LC | F | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cisticolidae | Cisticola juncidis | Zitting Cisticola | zsc | LC | I | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Charadriidae | Vanellus indicus | Red-wattled lapwing | rwl | LC | I | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phalacrocoracidae | Microcarbo niger | Little Cormorent | lc | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 136 |
Ardeidae | Ardea purpurea | Purple Heron | phr | LC | C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Chloropseidae | Chloropsis aurifrons | Golden-fonted Leafbird | gflb | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
Campephagidae | Pericrocotus flammeus | Scarlet Minivet | sm | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
Phasianidae | Francolinus pondicerianus | Grey Francolin | gf | LC | O | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pittidae | Pitta brachyura | Indian Pitta | ip | LC | I | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Threskiornithidae | Plegadis falcinellus | Glossy Ibis | gi | LC | C | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Habitat | Transect | GPS Coordinate | No. of Points | Transect Length (km) | Characteristics of the Study Area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lat (N) | Long (E) | |||||
RA | BPD | 21.928153 | 86.737023 | 3 | 0.6 | Human-dominated landscapes with fewer vegetation covers like Shorea robusta, Mangifera indica, Ficus benghalensis, etc. |
TKP | 21.933584 | 86.750474 | 3 | 0.6 | Human-dominated landscape with vegetation covers like Bombax ceiba, Bamboosa sp., Gmelina arborea, Mangifera indica, Lantena camara, etc. | |
WB | RBD | 21.929695 | 86.773065 | 2 | 0.4 | A small pond with aquatic flora and medium patches of vegetation covers like Borassus flabellifer, Lantena camara, F. bengalensis, like Nimphea sp., etc. |
BOJ | 21.831909 | 86.78687 | 6 | 1.1 | Large ponds with aquatic flora and small vegetation covers like Nimphea spp., Hydrilla sp., Utricularia sp. Ipomea sp., etc. | |
CL | CL1 | 21.938516 | 86.771574 | 3 | 0.6 | Mosaic landscape of annual crops (paddy) or fallow land with small patches of vegetation, grass, seasonal canals, and ditches. |
CL2 | 21.83528 | 86.800143 | 2 | 0.5 | Mosaic landscape of annual crops or fallow land with small patches of vegetation, grass, seasonal ditches | |
SF | MBD | 21.903739 | 86.749982 | 3 | 0.6 | Sal-dominated forest covers with small canals and open areas with scattered patches of Ziziphus jujuba |
BKR | 21.872335 | 86.754893 | 3 | 0.6 | Sal-dominated forest covered with small canals and open areas with Suzygium cumini and Ziziphus jujuba. |
ANOVA for Abundance (Habitat) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr (>F) | Significance | |
Habitat | 3 | 7999 | 2666.4 | 6.582 | 0.000341 | <0.001 |
Residuals | 140 | 58,714 | 405.1 | |||
ANOVA for Richness (Habitat) | ||||||
Habitat | 3 | 764.7 | 254.92 | 14.23 | 3.78 × 10−8 | <0.001 |
Residuals | 140 | 2707 | 17.91 | |||
ANOVA for Abundance (Season) | ||||||
Season | 2 | 12,048 | 6024 | 16 | 5.4 × 10−7 | <0.001 |
Residuals | 141 | 53,078 | 376 | |||
ANOVA for Abundance (Season) | ||||||
Season | 2 | 380.4 | 190.22 | 9.26 | 0.00016 | <0.001 |
Residuals | 141 | 2895.7 | 20.54 | |||
Group | 95% Confidence level of interval for mean abundance | Significance | ||||
Differences | Upper | Lower | p Adj | |||
RA-CL | 4.22 | −8.11 | 16.55 | 0.81 | No | |
SF-CL | −12.80 | −25.14 | −0.47 | 0.03 | <0.05 | |
WB-CL | 6.44 | −5.89 | 18.77 | 0.52 | No | |
SF-RA | −17.02 | −29.36 | −4.692 | 0.002 | <0.05 | |
WB-RA | 2.22 | −10.11 | 14.55 | 0.96 | No | |
WB-SF | 19.25 | 6.914 | 31.58 | 0.0004 | <0.001 | |
95% Confidence level of interval for mean richness | ||||||
RA-CL | −0.11 | −2.70 | 2.48 | 0.99 | No | |
SF-CL | −2.5 | −5.09 | 0.09 | 0.06 | No | |
WB-CL | −5.66 | −8.26 | −3.07 | 0.01 | <0.001 | |
SF-RA | −2.38 | −4.98 | 0.20 | 0.08 | No | |
WB-RA | −5.55 | −8.14 | −2.96 | 0.01 | <0.001 | |
WB-SF | −3.16 | −5.76 | −0.57 | 0.01 | <0.05 | |
Seasons | 95% Confidence level of interval for mean abundance | |||||
Summer-Monsoon | 0.62 | −8.75 | 10.00 | 0.98 | No | |
Winter-Monsoon | 19.70 | 10.32 | 29.08 | 0.001 | Yes | |
Winter-Summer | 19.08 | 9.70 | 28.46 | 0.001 | Yes | |
95% Confidence level of interval for mean richness | ||||||
Summer-Monsoon | 1.14 | −1.04 | 3.33 | 0.43 | No | |
Winter-Monsoon | 3.87 | 1.68 | 6.06 | 0.001 | Yes | |
Winter-Summer | 2.72 | 0.53 | 4.92 | 0.01 | Yes |
Similarity Index | Euclidian Distance | Bray–Curtis | Morista–Horn | Jaccard | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Habitat | RA | WB | CL | RA | WB | CL | RA | WB | CL | RA | WB | CL |
WB | 687.18 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.33 | ||||||||
CL | 255.83 | 653.68 | 0.47 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.23 | ||||
SF | 305.01 | 656.31 | 281.30 | 0.54 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.19 |
Season | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | ||||
Summer | 362.92 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 0.86 | ||||||||
Monsoon | 376.30 | 121.30 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.72 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.87 |
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Karjee, R.; Palei, H.S.; Konwar, A.; Gogoi, A.; Mishra, R.K. Bird Assemblages in a Peri-Urban Landscape in Eastern India. Birds 2022, 3, 383-401. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds3040026
Karjee R, Palei HS, Konwar A, Gogoi A, Mishra RK. Bird Assemblages in a Peri-Urban Landscape in Eastern India. Birds. 2022; 3(4):383-401. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds3040026
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarjee, Ratnesh, Himanshu Shekhar Palei, Abhijit Konwar, Anshuman Gogoi, and Rabindra Kumar Mishra. 2022. "Bird Assemblages in a Peri-Urban Landscape in Eastern India" Birds 3, no. 4: 383-401. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds3040026