Current Understanding of Polyphenols to Enhance Bioavailability for Better Therapies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polyphenols in Plants: A Review of Their Taxonomy, Properties, and Health Benefits
2.1. Categorization and Characteristics
2.2. Beneficial Effects
2.3. Antioxidant Effects
2.4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
2.5. Anti-Cancer Effect
2.6. Anti-Microbial Effect
2.7. Pro-Oxidant Effect
2.8. Antidiabetic Effect
2.9. Anti-Hypertensive Effect
3. Polyphenol Bioavailability
4. Nanoformulations Made from Dietary Macromolecules to Encapsulate and Transport Polyphenols
4.1. Nanoformulations of Casein
4.2. Nanoformulations of Gelatin
4.3. Nanoformulations of Polysaccharides in Food
4.4. Nanoformulations with a Protein–Polysaccharide Conjugate
4.5. Nanoformulations Derived from Dietary Lipids
5. Nanoformulations of Polyphenols and Therapeutic Properties
5.1. Cardioprotective Effects
5.2. Neuroprotective Effects
5.3. Cancer Treatment
Polyphenol | Type of Disease | Nanoformulation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Curcumin | Cancer | PLGA | [115] |
Ellagic acid | Cancer | Schizophyllan and chitin nanoparticles | [117] |
Quercetin | Cancer | Nanocapsules | [118] |
Resveratrol | Cardiovascular | Pluronic® F127 | [105] |
4-hydroxyisophthalic acid | Neurological | Polymeric nanocarrier (PLGA)-NPs | [109] |
Proanthocyanidins and curcumin | Neurological | CeO2@SiO2-PEG nanoparticles (CSP-NPs) | [110] |
Naringenin | Neurological | PLGA: PCL-gelatin-coated | [120] |
Gallic acid | Neurological | Lipid nanocarrier: GA-NPs | [121] |
EGCG | Skin Inflammation | Polymeric nanocarrier: PEG-PLGA | [122] |
Caffeic acid | Skin Inflammation | Nanofiber nanocarrier: PLGA | [123] |
Apigenin | Skin Inflammation | Ethosomal nanocarrier | [124] |
Curcumin | Cardiovascular | Chitosan NPs | [125] |
Quercetin | Cardiovascular | PLGA NPs | [126] |
6. Polyphenol-Based Nanoformulations: Takeaway Message
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Benefits | Polyphenol | Study Model | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anticancer | Epigallocatecin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Liver cancer | Inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of different liver cancer cells | [2] |
Curcumin | Prostate cancer | Promotes apoptosis of the prostate cancer cells both through the mitochondrial and the receptor-mediated pathways | [18] | |
Resveratrol | Bladder cancer | Inhibit cancer cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion, induce cell cycle arrest, and trigger apoptosis | [19] | |
Naringin | Pancreatic cancer | Inducing tumor cell death and inhibiting angiogenesis in malignant cells | [20] | |
Pro-oxidant | EGCG | Breast cancer | Inhibit tumorigenesis during the initiation, promotion and progression stages | [21] |
Curcumin | Prostate cancer | Quenches free radicals, induces antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) | [18] | |
Resveratrol | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through reverse electron transport | [22] | |
Naringin | Prostate cancer | Suppress cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in various cancer cell lines in the presence of copper ions | [20] | |
Gallic acid | Breast cancer | Suppress cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in various cancer cell lines in the presence of copper ions | [23] | |
Genistein | Prostate cancer | Suppress cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in various cancer cell lines in the presence of copper ions | [24] | |
Anti-inflammatory | Rutin | Schistosomiasis mansoni | Reduces pathological alterations | [25] |
Curcumin | Sunflower seed protein isolate | Blocks metabolic pathways leading to inflammation | [26] | |
Resveratrol | Mice model | Inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways | [27] | |
Anti-hypertensive | Curcumin | Clinical trial | Prevents the transport of calcium, which aids in muscle cell contraction, causing artery dilatation | [28] |
Green tea catechins | Clinical trial | Improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure | [29] | |
Genistein | Clinical trial | Significantly reduced the levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterols and systolic blood pressure | [30] | |
Anti-diabetic | EGCG | In vitro | Modifies glucose and lipid metabolism in cells and markedly enhances glucose tolerance | [31] |
Curcumin | In vivo | Reduce blood sugar levels and increase insulin sensitivity | [32] | |
Quercetin | Rats and mice | Lowers serum glucose in a dose dependent fashion | [33] | |
Anti-microbial | Curcumin | Viruses, bacteria, fungi | Blocks wide range of mechanistic pathways that are responsible for the microbial growth | [34] |
EGCG | Staphylococcus aureus and Rhizoctonia solani | Inhibits a wide variety of microbial growth-promoting metabolic processes | [35] |
Polyphenol | Method | Encapsulating Material | Size (nm) | Efficiency | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | Self-assembly | Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides | 360 | Varies between 21–53% | Maintenance of stability and its anti-proliferative activities during in vitro GI digestion |
Anthocyanin | Ionic gelation | Chitosan Beta Lactoglobulin | 580 | 77% | Storage stability and oxidant stability during in vitro simulated digestion |
Malvidin | Emulsification | Soybean insoluble dietary fiber | 300 | NA | Storage stability and protection in color |
EGCG | Ionic gelation | Chitosan and Beta Lactoglobulin | 100–500 | 60% | Release EGCG in GI tract |
Anthocyanin | Self-assembly | Pectin—Whey Protein Isolate | 200 | 55% | Improve stability |
Olive leaf polyphenol | Nanoemulsion | Pectin—Whey Protein Concentrate | 347 | 72–96% | Increased antioxidant properties and release rate |
Pomegranate peel extract polyphenol | Nanoemulsion | Pectin—Cellulose | 200 | 20% | Increased antimicrobial activity |
Resveratrol | Antisolvent precipitation and electrostatic deposition | Pectin | 120 | NA | Stability, bioaccessibility, antioxidant capacity |
Quercetin and Resveratrol | Antisolvent precipitation | Zein-Caboxymethyl cellulose | 217 | 25% | Thermal stability |
EGCG | Ionic cross linking | Carboxymethyl chitosan | 400 | 75% | Increase antitumor activity |
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Aatif, M. Current Understanding of Polyphenols to Enhance Bioavailability for Better Therapies. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072078
Aatif M. Current Understanding of Polyphenols to Enhance Bioavailability for Better Therapies. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(7):2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072078
Chicago/Turabian StyleAatif, Mohammad. 2023. "Current Understanding of Polyphenols to Enhance Bioavailability for Better Therapies" Biomedicines 11, no. 7: 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072078