Protein Soft Drinks: A Retail Market Analysis and Selected Product Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Part 1: Retail Market Analysis
2.2. Part 2: Protein Content and Physicochemical Analyses of Selected Protein Soft Drinks
2.2.1. Protein Determination
2.2.2. pH and Total Titratable Acidity
2.2.3. Particle Size Distribution
2.2.4. Density
2.2.5. Apparent Viscosity
2.2.6. Phase Separation
2.2.7. Colour
2.2.8. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Part 1: Retail Market Analysis
3.1.1. Beverage Descriptions
3.1.2. List of Ingredients
3.1.3. Nutritional Dimension
3.1.4. Economic Dimension
3.2. Part 2: Protein Content and Physicochemical Properties of Selected Protein Soft Drinks
3.2.1. Pictures and Colour
3.2.2. Protein Content
3.2.3. pH and Total Titratable Acidity (TTA)
3.2.4. Apparent Viscosity
3.2.5. Density
3.2.6. Particle Size and Polydispersity Index (PDI)
3.2.7. Stability
3.2.8. PCA Biplot
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BCAA | Branch chain amino acids |
BPI | Beef protein isolate |
CP/H | Collagen protein/hydrolysate |
EAA | Essential amino acids |
MPC/I | Milk protein concentrate/isolate |
PBP | Plant-based protein |
PPI/H | Pea protein/isolate/hydrolysate |
SD | Soft drink |
WPI/H | Whey protein isolate/hydrolysate |
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Protein | Sweeteners | Acidulants | Preservatives | Stabilisers | |||||
Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated |
WPI (10) WPH (3) CH (Bovine) (2) CH (Marine) (5) CH (unknown source) (3) PPH (4) BCAA (8) | BPI (5) WPI (67) CH (Bovine) (13) CH (Marine) (1) CP/H (unknown source) (4) MPI (1) MPC (1) PP (4) PPH (2) PPI (3) BCAA (2) Glutamine (5) | Sucralose (23) Acesulfame-K (5) Steviol glycosides (7) Fructose (2) Inositol (1) | Sucralose (55) Steviol glycosides (45) Acesulfame-K (15) Erythritol (13) Cane sugar (7) Saccharin (1) Fructose (1) | Citric acid (27) Malic acid (8) Phosphoric acid (4) Potassium citrate (4) Sodium citrate (2) Magnesium citrate (1) | Citric acid (54) Phosphoric acid (53) Malic acid (26) Sodium citrate (18) Sodium phosphate (9) Lactic acid (1) | Potassium sorbate (7) Sodium benzoate (6) | Potassium sorbate (20) Sodium benzoate (16) Potassium phosphate (6) Potassium benzoate (3) Calcium citrate (2) | Gum Arabic (1) Glycerol ester of wood rosin (1) Pectin (1) Cellulose gum (1) | Maltodextrin (7) Glycerol ester of wood rosin (4) Modified food starch (4) Inulin (3) Pectin (1) Acacia gum (1) |
Emulsifiers | Antioxidants | Anti-foaming agents | |||||||
Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated | Carbonated | Uncarbonated | ||||
Glycerol (5) | Polysorbate 80 (4) Glycerine (3) Lecithin (2) | Ascorbic acid (2) | Ascorbic acid (8) | Silicone (5) | Dimethylpolysiloxane (1) |
Soft Drink | Nitrogen (%) | Particle Size (nm) | Polydispersity Index | Separation Rate (%/min) | L* | a* | b* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD 1.a | 0.94 ± 0.01 a | 3359 ± 498 a | 0.26 ± 0.1 ac | 0.198 ± 0.0 a | 69.49 ± 0.11 a | 12.14 ± 0.02 a | 29.67 ± 0.03 a |
SD 2.a | 0.53 ± 0.0 b | 50 ± 1.37 b | 0.41 ± 0.02 bdef | 0.07 ± 0.0 bcef | 64.88 ± 0.18 b | 40.69 ± 0.11 b | 3.02 ± 0.09 b |
SD 3.a* | 0.64 ± 0.0 e | 104 ± 2.18 bcd | 0.4 ± 0.04 bdef | 0.064 ± 0.01 cefg | 86.4 ± 0.09 c | 1.26 ± 0.04 c | 17.39 ± 0.0 c |
SD 3.b* | 0.64 ± 0.0 e | 117 ± 2.44 bcd | 0.36 ± 0.04 bdef | 0.08 ± 0.01 bc | 88.55 ± 0.13 p | 0.85 ± 0.03 d | 15.53 ± 0.03 d |
SD 3.c* | 0.65 ± 0.01 efg | 104 ± 2.18 bcd | 0.4 ± 0.04 bcd | 0.036 ± 0.01 fgh | 90.11 ± 0.03 r | 0.53 ± 0.01 s | 14.8 ± 0.03 e |
SD 4.a | 0.6 ± 0.0 c | 54 ± 2.09 b | 0.35 ± 0.05 bcd | 0.102 ± 0.01 bd | 97.12 ± 0.01 d | −0.96 ± 0.03 e | 8.33 ± 0.0 f |
SD 4.b | 0.59 ± 0.01 c | 65 ± 1.81 bc | 0.42 ± 0.04 bdef | 0.066 ± 0.01 bcef | 89.11 ± 0.02 q | 10.44 ± 0.01 u | 4.24 ± 0.02 v |
SD 5.a | 0.37 ± 0.0 d | 59 ± 1.08 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 defg | 0.038 ± 0.01 efgh | 88.58 ± 0.02 p | 11.42 ± 0.02 f | 5.96 ± 0.02 w |
SD 5.b | 0.36 ± 0.01 d | 160 ± 6.07 bcde | 0.63 ± 0.04 h | 0.036 ± 0.02 fgh | 89.79 ± 0.06 r | 2.43 ± 0.02 g | 11.3 ± 0.02 g |
SD 5.c | 0.36 ± 0.01 d | 68 ± 4.04 bc | 0.56 ± 0.01 gh | 0.026 ± 0.01 h | 98.13 ± 0.02 e | −0.26 ± 0.04 h | 3.27 ± 0.03 h |
SD 6.a | 0.59 ± 0.01 c | 6 ± 1.14 b | 0.35 ± 0.06 bcd | 0.064 ± 0.0 cefg | 96.69 ± 0.01 s | −2.35 ± 0.01 i | 17.08 ± 0.03 i |
SD 6.b | 0.64 ± 0.0 ef | 6 ± 0.41 b | 0.35 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.078 ± 0.01 bc | 96.58 ± 0.04 s | −5.88 ± 0.03 j | 24.87 ± 0.05 j |
SD 6.c | 0.65 ± 0.0 efg | 13 ± 5.74 b | 0.51 ± 0.1 fg | 0.064 ± 0.0 cefg | 89.35 ± 0.01 q | 10.47 ± 0.02 u | 7.79 ± 0.03 k |
SD 6.d | 0.66 ± 0.0 fg | 11 ± 1.67 b | 0.66 ± 0.09 h | 0.056 ± 0.0 cefgh | 97.59 ± 0.0 f | 0.34 ± 0.0 r | 6.12 ± 0.01 w |
SD 7.a | 0.66 ± 0.0 g | 791 ± 63.89 h | 0.49 ± 0.16 bde | 0.068 ± 0.01 cefgh | 66.27 ± 0.04 g | 15.88 ± 0.05 k | 31.02 ± 0.02 l |
SD 7.b | 0.65 ± 0.0 efg | 713 ± 42.5 hi | 0.39 ± 0.06 efg | 0.118 ± 0.01 d | 76.14 ± 0.25 h | 17.4 ± 0.04 l | 10.75 ± 0.04 m |
SD 8.a | 0.51 ± 0.02 b | 133 ± 2.6 bcd | 0.4 ± 0.05 bcd | 0.028 ± 0.0 gh | 88.27 ± 0.02 p | 0.57 ± 0.04 s | 12.77 ± 0.05 n |
SD 8.b | 0.52 ± 0.0 b | 185 ± 2.73 bcde | 0.32 ± 0.01 bc | 0.028 ± 0.01 gh | 89.15 ± 0.01 q | 9.12 ± 0.01 t | 15.71 ± 0.01 o |
SD 9.a* | 0.29 ± 0.0 h | 492 ± 11.2 fg | 0.18 ± 0.03 a | 0.264 ± 0.01 i | 61.08 ± 0.05 i | 3.68 ± 0.02 m | 21.34 ± 0.05 p |
SD 9.b* | 0.3 ± 0.0 h | 271 ± 4.7 de | 0.2 ± 0.02 a | 0.086 ± 0.01 bcd | 87.1 ± 0.01 j | 9.38 ± 0.02 n | 8.52 ± 0.07 q |
SD 10.a* | 0.3 ± 0.0 h | 735 ± 74.57 h | 0.47 ± 0.09 efg | 0.156 ± 0.01 j | 85.27 ± 0.08 k | −1.32 ± 0.02 o | 20.29 ± 0.02 r |
SD 10.b* | 0.3 ± 0.0 h | 950 ± 34.14 i | 0.32 ± 0.07 bc | 0.202 ± 0.0 a | 60.97 ± 0.42 l | 9.23 ± 0.1 t | 26.15 ± 0.2 s |
SD 11.a* | 0.11 ± 0.0 i | 325 ± 12.6 efg | 0.34 ± 0.05 bc | 0.17 ± 0.01 aj | 85.85 ± 0.08 m | 0.32 ± 0.01 r | 2.54 ± 0.02 t |
SD 11.b* | 0.1 ± 0.0 i | 400 ± 8.9 fg | 0.2 ± 0.01 a | 0.074 ± 0.01 bce | 78.02 ± 0.03 n | 20.8 ± 0.03 p | 14.09 ± 0.04 u |
SD 11.c* | 0.11 ± 0.0 i | 245 ± 55.39 cdef | 0.42 ± 0.08 bdef | 0.064 ± 0.01 cefg | 95.62 ± 0.01 o | 4.48 ± 0.04 q | 4.37 ± 0.03 v |
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Ahern, N.; Arendt, E.K.; Sahin, A.W. Protein Soft Drinks: A Retail Market Analysis and Selected Product Characterization. Beverages 2023, 9, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030073
Ahern N, Arendt EK, Sahin AW. Protein Soft Drinks: A Retail Market Analysis and Selected Product Characterization. Beverages. 2023; 9(3):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030073
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhern, Niamh, Elke K. Arendt, and Aylin W. Sahin. 2023. "Protein Soft Drinks: A Retail Market Analysis and Selected Product Characterization" Beverages 9, no. 3: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030073