Impact of NOx and NH3 Emission Reduction on Particulate Matter across Po Valley: A LIFE-IP-PREPAIR Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To perform a multi-model sensitivity assessment of PM2.5 concentrations to the inorganic precursor (NOx and NH3);
- To investigate spatial and temporal variabilities of the chemical regimes over the Po Valley by considering two seasons, October–March and April–September (including the transition periods that are disregarded in [31,32]). The choice of the two periods follows the time cycle of the regional air quality plans, which impose structural and emergency measures for the period from October to March;
- To analyse the non-linear response of the atmosphere considering different levels of emission reduction.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Transport Models
- PieAMS and SMAL-LO make use of the vertical turbulence coefficients as implemented in the Random Displacement Method [60,61]. Horizontal diffusion coefficients are computed following the formulation of Smagorinsky [62] coefficients depending on the local stability class and the wind speed. Horizontal advection–diffusion operators are solved using the method by Yamartino [63], while the numerical integration of the vertical diffusion equation follows Yamartino et al. [64];
- SPIAIR accounts for vertical turbulent mixing by means of vertical diffusion coefficients [65]. Horizontal diffusion coefficients are determined within CAMx using a deformation approach based on the methods of Smagorinsky [62]. Horizontal advection is solved using the area preserving flux-form advection solver of Bott [66].
NINFA-ER | PieAMS | SMAL-LO | SPIAIR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CTM | CHIMERE2017 r4v1 | FARM v4.13 | FARM v4.13 | CAMx v6.5 |
Operator | Arpae Emilia-Romagna | ARPA Piemonte | ARPA Lombardia | ARPA Veneto |
Vertical layers | 9 levels up to 5800 m a.s.l. | 16 levels up to 7500 m a.s.l. | 16 levels up to 7979 m a.s.l. | 11 levels up to 6000 m a.s.l. |
Depth of the first vertical layer | ~25 m | 10 m | 20 m | 20 m |
Horizontal extension | Lon: 6.25–14.37° Lat: 43.1–47.35° | Lon: 6.25–14.37° Lat: 43.1–47.35° | Lon: ~6.0–16.7° Lat: ~43.4–47.2° | Lon: ~6.5–14.1° Lat: ~ 43.6–47.1° |
Horizontal resolution | Lon: 0.07° Lat: 0.05° | Lon: 0.07° Lat: 0.05° | Lon: ~0.05° Lat: ~0.04° | Lon: ~0.05° Lat: ~0.04° |
Meteorological driver | COSMO-5M model levels | COSMO-5M model levels | WRF-ARW | COSMO-5M pressure levels (from 1000 hPa to 300 hPa) and surface level (10 m) |
Chemical boundary conditions | PREV’AIR | PREV’AIR | QualeAria forecast system | PREV’AIR |
Advection scheme | Second-order van Leer scheme [59] | Finite elements method based on Blackman cubic polynomials [63] | Finite elements method based on Blackman cubic polynomials [63] | Horizontal advection uses input horizontal winds fields and is solved using the area preserving flux-form advection solver of Bott [66] |
Vertical diffusion | Vertical diffusion coefficient (Kz) approach following Troen and Mahrt [58] | Vertical diffusion coefficient (Kz) approach following RDM model [60,61]. Hybrid semi-implicit/fully implicit scheme [64]. | Vertical diffusion coefficient (Kz) approach following RDM model [60,61]. Hybrid semi-implicit/fully implicit scheme [64]. | Kz approach, with vertical eddy diffusivity taken from CMAQ [65] |
Gas-phase chemistry | MELCHIOR2 | SAPRC-99_POPS-Hg | SAPRC-99_POPS-Hg | CB05 |
Aerosol model | 10 bins (10 nm–40 µm) | AERO3_NEW [48] | AERO0 [49] | Coarse/Fine (CF) |
Ammonium nitrate equilibrium | ISORROPIA II [67] | ISORROPIA II [68] | ISORROPIA II [68] | ISORROPIA [67] |
SOA formation | Single-step oxidation scheme | SORGAM [69] | SORGAM [69] | SOAP [70] |
2.2. Emission Inventory and Temporal Modulations
2.3. Emission Scenarios
2.4. Indicators
- − Consistency, i.e., the variation in PI across the range of emission reductions;
- − Additivity, i.e., the difference between the sum of the PI of each precursor and the PI resulting from the simultaneous reduction in all precursors.
3. Results
3.1. Base Case Concentrations and Model Validation
3.2. Potential Impacts (PI) of Precursor Reduction
3.3. Analysis of Non-Linearities
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reduction (%) | NOx | NH3 | NOx-NH3 |
---|---|---|---|
0 | SC1 (base case) | ||
25 | SC2 | SC3 | SC4 |
50 | SC5 | SC6 | SC7 |
75 | SC8 | SC9 | SC10 |
Statistics | Period | NINFA-ER (μg m−3) | PieAMS (μg m−3) | SMAL-LO (μg m−3) | SPIAIR (μg m−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th percentile | Apr–Sep | 9 | 8 | 5 | 7 |
average | Apr–Sep | 11 | 10 | 6 | 10 |
median | Apr–Sep | 11 | 10 | 6 | 10 |
75th percentile | Apr–Sep | 12 | 13 | 8 | 12 |
25th percentile | Oct–Mar | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
average | Oct–Mar | 11 | 13 | 10 | 15 |
median | Oct–Mar | 9 | 10 | 7 | 12 |
75th percentile | Oct–Mar | 16 | 19 | 14 | 21 |
25th percentile | Year | 8 | 7 | 4 | 7 |
average | Year | 12 | 12 | 8 | 12 |
median | Year | 11 | 11 | 7 | 11 |
75th percentile | Year | 14 | 12 | 11 | 16 |
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Veratti, G.; Stortini, M.; Amorati, R.; Bressan, L.; Giovannini, G.; Bande, S.; Bissardella, F.; Ghigo, S.; Angelino, E.; Colombo, L.; et al. Impact of NOx and NH3 Emission Reduction on Particulate Matter across Po Valley: A LIFE-IP-PREPAIR Study. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050762
Veratti G, Stortini M, Amorati R, Bressan L, Giovannini G, Bande S, Bissardella F, Ghigo S, Angelino E, Colombo L, et al. Impact of NOx and NH3 Emission Reduction on Particulate Matter across Po Valley: A LIFE-IP-PREPAIR Study. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(5):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050762
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeratti, Giorgio, Michele Stortini, Roberta Amorati, Lidia Bressan, Giulia Giovannini, Stefano Bande, Francesca Bissardella, Stefania Ghigo, Elisabetta Angelino, Loris Colombo, and et al. 2023. "Impact of NOx and NH3 Emission Reduction on Particulate Matter across Po Valley: A LIFE-IP-PREPAIR Study" Atmosphere 14, no. 5: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050762